The Birth of Pleasure by Carol Gilligan

Carol Gilligan Birth of Pleasure can be considered a research in social science. She has hypothesised certain theories regarding men and women behaviour. One of her main hypothesis is that women are different from men in various ways; she argues that female have a higher level of morality that cements the relation among sexes. At times she seems a feminist who is playing for female audience. She overcomes the limitation as the book flows.For example she starts the human life story from a child perspective that is â€Å"under father’s authority† (Pg 5). She mentions that in patriarchy society there are different ways of dealing with boys and girl. For example boys are forced to learn and be disciplined at a young age compared to female. Female are forced to learn from age 13 and above at puberty. The reason for such approach; she argues is the utility of women. In a patriarchal society, women become important when they become fertile; before fertility they have no existe nce.However the problem arises when a child becomes adult and he has to unlearn the older behaviour. Sometimes it is hard to undo the learned behaviour; deep inside sometimes adults feel guilty, if they do not follow the behaviour they have been taught in childhood. Gilligan does not argue in straight forward manner about the theme patriarchy in teenagers life, but the book overall covers the relationship between children and parents as pathologies.For example she mentions that boys have two choices; either becomes good boy or bad boy; either by following the parent’s instructions or negating them to create their own social identities. The problem with such approach is that boys cannot form their own identities with reference to their true self. For girls the process began at much later stage when they approach the puberty. She insists that girls are forced by mothers to follow their footsteps and behave according to the established norms of the society.This situation gives r ise to conflict and breaking of the bond that exists between parents and children. She insists that love is based on democracy; while the patriarchy is based on hierarchy of men and women. The result of such hierarchy is patriarchy; where individuals find pain in love rather than pleasure due to the inherent conflict (in these relations). She suggests that it is possible to find pleasure with in the social norms, if couples overcome their limited roles and try to unlearn the behaviour childhood behaviour.Gilligan has taken ideas from various sources, but she is able to develop her own ideas by studying life of children and couples including her own experience of life spiced with various Western myths and legends; such as Psyche and Cupid. She successfully weaves different pieces together to form one narrative immersing reader in interesting stories with one common theme. The positive effect of this style is that reader finds new interpretations about the stories and myths he is fami liar with.Gilligan sometimes seems to speak in a mystical language, when she declares that the yoke of Western love stories is made of tragedy because of the presence of patriarchy; where male justify their authority by trampling true feelings of women. Her idea of democracy of love seems un-restricted by social norms; such idea seems far from practical. All societies need to survive; the hierarchy allows a society to survive which may look cruel at time but this is how civilization are made from. Reference Gilligan, Carol (2002). The Birth of Pleasure. Random House.

Malcom X Summary

Malcolm X’s Prison Education Malcolm X was an African American Muslim minister who, as a teen, spent most of his time hustling people and getting into trouble. This soon landed him in prison. During his prison sentence he became self-educated, which led him to be an articulate speaker, to discover the true history of African American slaves, and to become a strong advocator of human rights. Malcolm X’s â€Å"A Homemade Education†, starts off in a soft and calm tone. X uses a persuasive style narrative from the Autobiography of Malcolm X to share his story.By the end of the essay his tone has changed to a more angry and demanding style. While in prison, X explains how he began writing letters to Mr. Elijah Muhammad, a Muslim leader, but, not being able to write in an articulate manner, X began getting frustrated because he could not express what he wanted to say. He also states that he could not keep a conversation with his prison friend Bimbi or even understand t he books he read because of his lack of knowledge.X says that he got a hold of a dictionary and began to copy word for word everything, learning more words and what they meant. He also says went to the prison library and read books about science, history, and slavery. X was most inspired by Mr. Muhammad’s teachings. X explains that in one of Mr. Muhammad’s teachings, Mr. Muhammad stressed how history had been â€Å"whitened,† in other words, that black history was left out of history books (95). He says he immediately began to search in the library for books that would inform him about black history.He says he read many books about black history and the early struggles for freedom. X states he will never forget how shocked he was when he read about the brutality of slavery or the illustrations of black slave women being tied up and beaten, children being taken away from families, and dogs hunting down slaves. X explains how he read books about the histories of v arious nations and learned that the white men had made all non-white people suffer, especially in India and China.He explains how the British white man controlled much of India and how people of India refused to obey orders and were beaten and killed. X also explains the Opium War in China and that some observers in China have reported that the world had never known such a hate campaign as is now going on in this non-white country (98). Reading about the various histories of the world, X found a common theme; white men were not liked by many civilizations. X states that he never knew that reading in prison would change the course of his life.He says his homemade education has given him more than a college degree could ever give him and that it is worth more than a college education because it is knowledge that no one can take away from him. Malcolm X states he has learned a lot from his reading about black history, he stresses that black men should not only fight for civil rights, b ut they need to think bigger and win their human rights. Works Cited X, Malcolm. â€Å"A Homemade Education. † The Conscious Reader. Ed. Caroline Shrodes, Michael Shugrue, Marc DiPaolo, Christian J. Matuschek. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education, 2011. 92-100. Print.

Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Film The Rain Man

?The central ethical dilemma of the 1988 film The Rain Man concerns the proper treatment to be afforded to Raymond, an autistic man who is capable of performing immense feats of mathematical calculation but is psychologically attached to predetermined habits and routines, thus being unable to adapt to changing situations around him. Should Raymond be given a chance to live in an open setting, where he can freely interact with the world around him, or should he be confined to an institution?Raymonds brother, Charlie, discovers Raymonds existence only after the death of their father, who had willed the vast majority of his inheritance to Raymond. Charlie is at first immensely spiteful at his fathers decision and removes Raymond from the mental institution, attempting to blackmail the doctor in charge to transfer $1. 5 million to Charlie. Charlie is easily frustrated by Raymonds habits and oddities, as well as his need to always receive precisely the treatment to which he had become accustomed.However, Charlie later discovers Raymonds intelligent side during a trip to Las Vegas, where Raymond employs his astoundingly swift processing skills to win $86,000 while gambling. The two brothers subsequently forge an emotional bond, and Charlie is reluctant to return Raymond to the institution. He demonstrates the wish to take care of his brother and points out that Raymond has learned numerous new skills and information during the trip. However, the doctors in charge of Raymond show Charlie that Raymonds autonomy is greatly impaired; they ask Raymond a series of mutually exclusive questions, to which Raymond merely answers, Yes. Suzanne, Charlies girlfriend, thinks that Charlies initial treatment of Raymond is too harsh and intolerant. She would like to see Raymond afforded a more flexible and less dominating treatment by Charlie, and is upset that Charlie is using Raymond in order to blackmail the doctor into giving Charlie money. Eventually, however, she becomes pleased by Charlies increasing proximity to and genuine care for his brother. . Charlies initial kidnapping of Raymond was based on Charlies perception that Raymond was an easily manipulated disabled person who would comply with Charlies scheme to extort money from the doctor.Nevertheless, Raymond proves to have a personality of his own, which at first greatly irritates Charlie, but which Charlie eventually comes to love and refuses to relinquish. The doctor remains firm in his stance not to give the money of Charlies father in exchange for Raymond, and Charlie rejects a $250,000 offer in exchange for which he was to have severed all involvement with Raymond. After the doctors demonstrate Raymonds incapacity to make significant decisions, Charlie relucta ntly agrees to allow him to return to the mental institution. Despite the fact that Charlie and Raymond must separate at the end, Charlie promises to visit frequently, and his influence on Raymond has not been in vain. Raymond and Charlie now share jokes, and Raymonds range of comfort with respect to the products, services, and activities of daily life has been greatly amplified. Raymond, moreover, had assisted in rendering Charlies financial state more secure than it had been in the beginning of the film by winning $86,000 in Las Vegas.Charlie also learns to be more patient and tolerant in his relations with other human beings. He learns to discover the merits and values offered by others rather than merely lashing out at them in frustration. The decision to return Raymond to the mental institution demonstrated first and foremost the principle of nonmaleficence. The doctors wished to ascertain that Raymond would not pose a danger to his own life by certain irrational and perhaps involuntary reactions, such as banging his head against a window as a result of hearing a smoke alarm. However, this action denied some of Charlies attempts at beneficence toward Raymond, as Charlie attempted to provide Raymond shelter, entertainment, and opportunity beyond what Raymond was used to or what was offered at the hospital. Though some of Charlies influence remained with Raymond, the doctors decision prevented additional improvements to Raymonds state due to the concern that attempts at these would undermine Raymonds already delicate condition.The principle of autonomy was also denied, as Raymond was deemed incapable of making his own choices; the doctors demonstrated that he would give contradictory answers to the questions asked of him, and thus argued that their paternalistic supervision over his decision-making would benefit him most. An alternative decision with respect to Raymonds fate would have been to allow Raymond to remain with Charlie, but under the supervision of various doctors and psychological counselors.In this way, the doctors could have continued to exerc ise precautionary measures against Raymonds self-destructive activities, while Charlie could have continued to broaden Raymonds comfort zone and eventually render him fit for rudimentary social interaction. This would both benefit Raymond and protect him from harm, fulfilling the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence. Moreover, Raymond would, with an expanded worldview, gain greater autonomy in making his own decisions. A freer environment (where constraints are flexible rather than rigid) would enable Raymond to have the greatest possible degree of personal autonomy that he is capable of carrying out. Moreover, the principle of justice requires that Raymond be given the same right to the pursuit of happiness as is afforded to non-autistic persons. This means that absolute paternalism over Raymond should be off-limits to his guardians, who need not regulate every detail of Raymonds life in order to ensure his security. This decision would be more consistent with the ethics of principlism than the one actually carried out in the film.

Social Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Marketing - Essay Example The selling of social issues has become a business that is in the same league as selling soap or automobiles. The concept got its beginnings when Phillip Kotler and Gerald Zaltman pursued the application of marketing technologies to the realm of social issues and coined the term 'social marketing' (Andreasen 2006, p.89). Social marketing is used by organizations to promote a cause, advocate on a political issue, or change the behavior of the public. Because the technique is designed to change peoples' minds and behavior through the use of advertising, it is met with several obstacles. Social marketing faces the task of fulfilling their objective without the transgression of an ethical approach. Social marketing can be used to modify behavior such as the antismoking campaigns that have been launched on behalf of various health organizations. The National Cancer Institute, a government agency, publishes numerous fact sheets on the methods and benefits of smoking cessation (Fact sheets: Tobacco/Smoking cessation). This information is designed to de-market a product by modifying behavior with the goal of decreasing consumption. Social marketing may also be used to change a corporate image by associating the brand with a social issue or cause. This may be seen when a company donates a share of their profits to a social or philanthropic endeavor. In 1999 Mattel partnered with Girls Inc. through an agreement to promote the girls' organization by including brochures in the Barbie packaging. Though the goals of Girls Inc., which promoted feminist empowerment, were contrary to the long standing image of the Barbie doll, Girls Inc. was anxious to reach millions of potential new members. For their part, Mattel wanted to "...create an enhanced, more relevant Barbie brand through an association with a progressive, girl-focused organization" (Marconi 2002, p.187). As more and more products are sold through socially or culturally based advertising, social marketing has moved beyond the traditional arenas of politics and social activism and into commercialism. Trying to change a person's mind or behavior can be difficult at anytime. Trying to sway public opinion or motivate them to action can be extremely challenging. The organization must be open and willing to undergo intense public scrutiny. The public can be a very sophisticated audience and may tire of a message that is overstated or exaggerated. The Department of Homeland Security's terror threat level system was initially designed to maintain awareness among the public of an impending threat. However, its overuse and the public's suspicion about its validity soon rendered it to an irrelevant position. Nancy Reagan's anti-drug campaign that insisted 'Just Say No' was a failure due to oversimplification. Rose (2005, p.169) calls the Reagan marketing scheme an, "example of a strategic communications failure - not just with the wrong messenger for the intended audience, but with a naive, presumably unresearched, if memorable, message". These unrealistic expectations are the result of at tempting to reach a widely diverse audience with a single concise message. Trying to deal with the challenges facing a social marketing campaign requires that ethical issues be thoroughly addressed. The issue of full disclosure can be difficult to define or to measure what information needs to be revealed. Various stakeholders may have different objectives and standards. American Express has been criticized for their participation in the 'Charge for Hunger' campaign and the campaign to raise money for the restoration of the statue of liberty. Critics contended that American Express spent far more money on their own self-promotion about the campaigns than they spent on the actual issue (Andreasen & Drumwright 2000). Though it can also be said that American Express would have spent the money on advertising anyway, the perceived conflict of interest and motivation are ethical issues that must be addressed when social marketing.

Islam Faith and History By Mahmoud M.Ayoub Assignment

Islam Faith and History By Mahmoud M.Ayoub - Assignment Example The haay is where a man or woman belongs to and not the ‘family.’ Thus, child-rearing, indoctrination to culture, and gender roles are the responsibility of the tribe. This is due partly to survival since most societies lived a nomadic lifestyle. Thus, it is crucial that families band together for mutual interests. The role of men is crucial because they are seen as the provider and protector. Women on the other hand are deemed as liability or the weak link because the tribes’ honor hinges on the honor of its girls and women. And because there is a high-value placed on female honor, it is a necessity to employ force protection. This is done one, by infanticide. The tribe would burry one or several of its female infants alive. And second, provides protection against capture and forced concubinage. Ergo, women are not just burdens but are liabilities to the tribe as well. Another way to which women are ensured of protection is through marriage. Marriage in pre-Islamic society has two types—Sadiqah and Ba’l. Sadiqah marriages are based on female kinship. As such, the man could either pay a Sadaq which is given to the bride during the time of marriage or a mahr which is a negotiated gift between the man and the bride’s tribe that would be given to her parents or closest relative. Once the bride price is settled, the woman has to consent on the marriage before it could take effect. There are two types of Sadiqah marriages: the mut’an or temporary marriage which is undertaken solely for the purpose of desire or pleasure and bina which is a permanent union. In bina, the bride remains under the protection of her tribe and the husband would only come for conjugal visits but is free from the liability of taking care of his wife and children. As such children of Sadiqah unions are the responsibility of the mother’s tribe. The ba’l marriage on the other hand is based on

Critical Review of Krochs Research Conducted among the Upper-Class Case Study

Critical Review of Krochs Research Conducted among the Upper-Class Community - Case Study Example Kroch asked the study participants to identify the study participants with the same characteristics under study (Kroch, 1996). Kroch studied the vowel sound pronunciation by following the methods proposed by LCV project to maintain comparison in his study. His research instruments were restrained between 150 and 250 central vowels. His study uses the first inventiveness frequency, and then applied the computerized linear predicate coding algorithm (Kroch, 1996). Labov’s research established the differences in the pronunciation of the vowel /oh/ and /eh/ of American in opposition to New Yorkers. The Americans are more likely to make use of the next variants of /oh/ and Italians are more prone to use the next variants of /eh/ than the other groups. In his interview, Labov states that the Irish derivation features are not up to standard. He further argues that the variation is insignificant and that European American classes communicate in more the same way using the applicable features (Kroch, 1996). Steady sociolinguistic variables have conventionally been identified as individuals that indicated that, no age discrepancy in the approach pattern of language occurrence in the society. There are very few research studies conducted in all the societies concerning any sociolinguistic variables. Though studies of language, removal and gerund form have revealed that young youths tend to repeat the chances of the language differences, and problems recognized in the language structures of their own parents (Labov 1989). This research gives these illustrations, although it directs them in the way of constant dissimilarity for the language users over a given phase of time.  

The Concept of Multicultural Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Concept of Multicultural Education - Essay Example In fact, multicultural education represents a response to the dynamically changing demographic situation observed in the United States. According to the most recent projections, by 2020 approximately 46 percent of the whole public school student population will be children of color and more than 20 percent will be from poor families (Banks, 1997). Evidently, addressing the diverse learning needs of such population is a pressing task faced by the US educational system. However, the monocultural approach that has traditionally been the cornerstone of American education mostly focuses on the values, instructions and content of middle class Eurocentric student population. Such focus substantially complicates the process of learning the academic knowledge for students of different cultural and social background: the incompatibility between the culture of ethnic and social minority students and the educational approach based on the values of majority seriously affects achievement and contributes to academic failure of students (Nielson, 1991). Therefore, an increasingly multicultural student population in the US stresses the need to address the systemic, curricular, and pedagogical barriers that negatively affect academic performance and achievement of minority students. Furthermore, the concept of multicultural education also recognizes that "an increasingly multicultural nation and a shrinking and contentious planet at the edge of the twenty-first cen tury demands a people who are critical thinkers and able to deal with the complexities of multicultural differences" (Hanley, 2002). Many believe that multicultural educational... This paper approves that many believe that multicultural educational policies help students develop new human capabilities and new identities in order to properly respond to the increasing need to recognize cultural diversity. Multicultural education promotes the ideals of cultural and educational equity, social justice thus enabling students to reach their fully potential in learning the curriculum. The idea of multicultural education looks extremely attractive as an effective tool to reinforce the democratic multicultural society and at the same time respect the inclination of different ethnic groups to preserve their cultural traditions. This essay makes a conclusion that multiculturalism definitely has the potential to become a serious tool in reducing discrimination and inequalities in the realm of education. Multicultural education practices often fail to address the difficult task of unifying the society without neglecting the cultural and ethnic traditions of minorities. Moreover, the constantly changing society creates new challenges that can hardly be addressed within the existing framework of multicultural education. However, failure to achieve certain goals does not mean that the concept of multicultural education is futile per se. On the contrary, it should create additional motivation for scholars and teachers to look for innovations and new opportunities to meet the challenges of these days and correct the previous mistakes. Multicultural education must be changed seriously to effectively respond to the needs of this epoch.

Interest Rates an Exchange Rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interest Rates an Exchange Rate - Essay Example The government raised interest rates to increase the demand for pound in the international market, this increase in demand was anticipated to make the pound stronger against other major currencies, however a speculative attack by investors led to the loss of funds, the government lost and some investors gained huge profits on that day. This model depict that there is a relationship between the prevailing interest rates and the exchange rate, using historical data a country can use the data to estimate an appropriate model that will help in forecasting future values. The model depicts that a rise in interest rate will lead to a rise in the value of the currency, when interest rates fall then the value of the currency declines, the following diagram shows the relationship between the two variables: From the above diagram it is evident that an increase in the interest rates will lead to an increase in the value of the currency, however a decline in interest rates will lead to a decline in the value of the currency. However the assumption of this model is that there are no speculative attacks and that the exchange rate depends on the demand and supply of the currency. The relationship between the exchange rate and the interest rates can be demonstrated using two currencies from countries with different interest rates, we take hypothetical values and countries to demonstrate this and we choose country A and country B, for country a the interest rate is 4% and for country B the interest rate is 6%, those who have their funds deposited in country A will earn 4% for their investment, however it is more profitable to invest the funds or deposit the amount in country B due to high interest rates and therefore higher earning. For this reason therefore investors will move their fund from country A to country B, investors from country A will exchange their money to get country B currencies, as a result of this the demand for country B currency will rise and therefore will the value of the currency. Therefore higher interest rates will encourage investors to invest in country B, if country B was to increase the interest rates from 5% to 10% then the higher will be the demand for their currency. British forecast: The exchange of the pound in 1992 was determined by the market demand and supply, in September the British government experienced a decline in the demand for their currency, many investors started selling the pound to acquire other currencies, as a result of this demand declined and therefore the pound lost value against other currencies. The government had a role to play to resolve the crisis and this was done by increasing interests rates as described by the above model, the prevailing interest rates at the time was 10% and the government increased the interest rates to 12%, however despite this effort the investors still sold the pound to hold other currencies. Realizing this problem the government on the same day announced an increase in interest rates to 15%, this was the second attempt to resolve the problem, however it was unfortunate that investors kept on selling the pound and purchasing other currencies, as a result of this the value of the pound declined and this resulted into a decline in the value of the

Cultural difference between the eastern and western Assignment

Cultural difference between the eastern and western - Assignment Example For such cultures, it is not uncommon to have more than one family living in single house. People from the East tend to put their families and community first before engaging in any activity. Western culture on the other hand focuses less on the family and more on the individual. For example, it is rare to find two American families living together. Instead, western cultures encourage people to stand on their own as opposed to relying on the family and community. Western cultures are highly individualistic and therefore the benefits to the individual are more important than those to the family and society. Secondly, these cultures differ in the way hierarchy and leadership is viewed. According to Eastern cultures, a leader is a powerful individual who is elevated above the rest in the society. For this reason, individuals show tremendous respect to those above them in the society. As a result, Eastern cultures rarely question or challenge the decisions made by leaders. For instance, in the workplace, top management is likely to make and impose rules to the staff members without being challenged. However, Western cultures emphasize on equality. Leaders are not seen as God-like figures but are viewed and treated almost equally with the rest. Leaders in Western countries are likely to be challenged more compared to their Eastern counterparts. Thirdly, Eastern and Western cultures have differing views when it comes to gender equality. Many Eastern cultures still believe that women are supposed to focus on raising the family and taking care of their husbands. In these cultures, a woman’s professional life is not important but rather the family life. On the contrary, gender equality is highly practiced in the West. It is common today to find women in Western countries taking up jobs that were previously reserved for men. Women in the Western world have tremendous freedom compared to those in Eastern countries. Forth, Eastern cultures

ECommerce Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ECommerce - Coursework Example Here I will research about the biometrics that could be used both in hotels for room access and for online booking for Globetrotting Hotels. The main reason behind this research based analyses is provide better management system for the Globetrotting Hotels. This analysis will provide us a deep insight into the Globetrotting Hotels new technology implementation for the enhanced security, booking, payment and customer management. As technology evolves it brings lot of facilities regarding the better communication and management of the business. This evolution in technology has also influenced the enhanced handling in the different organizational course of action. Like that, at the present, we have automated ways for the sales, customer management, transaction handling and marketing. The advance practice of the business also requires the better security in all these areas. This report is about the implementation if the new technology at Globetrotting Hotels and its customer managing system. This new technology will renovate the customary practice regarding the handling of the overall security and payments. Here we have also decided to implement the biometrics system that will be used in hotels for room access and for online booking for Globetrotting Hotels. The idea of the Harry Smith who wants to build up a hotel chain that is tightly associated in the structure of independent hotels around the world to proffer a only one of its kind resource to the on the rise market for the global traveler that is looking for something different to the standard package holidays. The new hotel chain established by the Globetrotting Hotels is aimed to provide better living, travelling and touring facilities at many levels. This new hotel chain will be an independent and a unique mix of the local independent hotels. The management of this hotel chain is aimed

Existentialism in My Eyes Essay Example for Free

Existentialism in My Eyes Essay To begin with I would like to briefly what the dictionary defines as existentialism. A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will(merriam-webster). It is a a 20thcentury philosophical movement that places the main emphasis on the existence of humans. Existentialism calls attention to freedom of action and freedom of choice. According to this theory one is always free to act in any way he or she wills and should not consider others actions, thoughts or views in doing so. Since every person in considered to bought into the world alone and thena gain die alone they are not expected to be courteous or considerate to the people around them. Esentially we are all responsible for our own existence. However existentialism is so vague in its definition because it is viewed so differently by so many people. Not just scholars but those who study the term as well. The fathers of existentialism are said to be; Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche, although the phenomenological version of it begins in Heidegger,who vehemently denied being an existentialist, Sartre, and continues through Kafka and Camus. Since most existentialist thinkers never used that word to describe their philosophies,Sartre did, but purportedly rejected the term on his deathbed, you will find some differences between them However existentialism and those who live it tend to have certain characteristics according to most scholars:  ¦they are obsessed with how to live ones life and believe that philosophical and psychological inquiry can help. ¦they believe there are certain questions that everyone must deal with (if they are to take human life seriously), and that these are special existential questions. Questions such as death, the meaning of human existence, the place of God in human existence, the meaning of value, interpersonal relationship, the place of self-reflective conscious knowledge of ones self in existing. Note that the existentialists on this characterization dont pay much attention to social questions such as the politics of life and what social responsibility the society or state has. They focus almost exclusively on the individual.  ¦By and large Existentialists believe that life is very difficult and that it doesnt have an objective or universally known value, but that the individual must create value by affiriming it and living it, not by talking about it.  ¦Existential choices and values are primarily demonstrated in ACT not in words.  ¦Given that one is focusing on individual existence and the existential struggles (that is, in making decisions that are meaningful in everyday life), they often find that literary characterizations rather than more abstract philosophical thinking, are the best ways to elucidate existential struggles.  ¦They tend to take freedom of the will, the human power to do or not do, as absolutely obvious. Now and again there are arguments for free will in Existentialist literature, but even in these arguments, one gets the distinct sense that the arguments are not for themselves, but for outsiders. Inside the movement, free will is axiomatic, it is intuitively obvious, it is the backdrop of all else that goes on. There are certainly exceptions to each of these things, but this is sort of a placing of the existentialist-like positions. (Corbett,1985). Existenitialism focuses on several principles , however there are three major ones; Subjectivity, Anguish, and Forlornness. Subjectivity is the first principle of Existentialism. Subjectivity means the name we are given when charges are brought up against us. This idea that we are born with a plan in mind. It is what we will make for ourselves for our future. You never know where your life is going to take you . Angusish is the feeling that Satre made reference to when we realize that we are totally reponsible for not only our own existence but all of mankind. When we speak of forlornness, a term Heidegger seemed to use often , we mean only that God does not exist and that we,ust face the consquence of that reality, that God is not responsible for our existence but we are The feeling of forlornness stems from an individuals realization that people are alone in the world, unable to rely on anything absolutely or anyone. Though these three are the major principles I I personally value the idea of authenticity that existentialism seems to focus on. It fits perfectly in modern society It allows the idea that being true to ones character, personality, and choices is required to be authentic Modern day society has created cookie cutter facades that has us all boxed into roles and classifications. Which is why most modern day philosophers tend to view traditional and academic ideologies as too abstract or remote for current society. I sometimes think its not the theories that are remote but the uppitiness of the ivory tower in its presentation that makes them seem too difficult to master. However to me its like the 2+2 theory, that the origins of philosophical thought must stem from human experience. Another answer is that the authentic attitude is very simple. It strips away the complications of people telling you how to live and what to do and who you should be. Its appealing to those surrounded or overwhelmed by the cacophony of voices in todays society, especially to young people. It is the expression of freedom in a world of constraints. Again, Sartre might have rejected some of this as being not what he meant by authenticity. But really the point is that these attitudes are popular. I think I should go back to the beginning again. What does authenticity mean? Perhaps, for the authentic person, ones moral appearance is at all times in all places and in all respects ones moral reality. The authentic person lives according to her own moral standards, does not pretend to be something she is not, does not create the apppearance of morality but in their heart be privately dissolute. This, to me, is the most appealing definition of authenticity. When it comes to defining truth, Existentialism has couple of points. To begin with, â€Å"truth† is defined by a person individual life experiences. Their reality and experiences influences their ultimate view on the world. It is considered that to view of the world is already the truth and in their world it is. This is because in Existentialism truth is something that is based on facts and not on emotions. Though, the truth can be used in a good way or bad way, so to say acting in good or bad faith. Thus, in the concept of truth it is once again pointed out that every individual has a freedom of choice. It is interesting that Existentialism considers an act to be good and something to be true if it is performed in a way that the entire human race would be represented. This seems to be enough to attest an act as a moral one. Modern existentialism seems to show up often in films. One must not confuse Existentialism and Post Modernism though. Key ideas include 1. Retaining authenticity in a mechanical, apathetic world is dejected. because autencitiy relates to a reality that simply does not exist. 2. The feelings of alienation and loneliness that come about from being unique in a world of many, and the consiciousness of death. 3. Everydayness Referemces 1. Corbett B. , 1985, What is Existentialism? Retrieved december 21,2012 from http://www2. webster. edu/~corbetre/philosophy/existentialism/whatis. html .

San miguel background Essay Example for Free

San miguel background Essay INTRODUTION Eduardo Cojuanco, a CEO of San Miguel Corporation is having a hard time in making his decision about the risk he will take for his product know as the San Miguel Beer. He is currently re-assessing his marketing strategies to known if he can expand his plans and make it a success. His current flagship product is well known as the ‘San Miguel Beer’, is taking its slow growth rate because of its large market share. Because of this he then decided to engage in business not in line with his profession. These businesses are energy, mining and infrastructure. There’s more but these are what he chose to look real close. But we all known that San Miguel Beer is a long time-time product that was already familiar and be loved by the Filipinos. So, what would be the best decision for Mr. Conjuangco’s Company? History of the company La Fabrica de Cerveza de San Miguel, the Philippines’ first brewery – establish in 1890 with 70 employees – produced and bottled what would eventually become the country’s best selling beer. Within a span of generation, San Miguel in its familiar amber Steinie bottle would become a Filipino icon and a quintessential part of Filipino life. By 1914 San Miguel Beer was being exported to shanghai, Hong Kong and Guam. Hong Kong would later become a site of san Miguel’s first offshore operation in 1948 While brewing beer is San Miguel’s heritage and the focus of much of its expertise, the company subsequently branched out into soft beverages, food and packaging. Diversification characterized the 1920’s, with the company expanding its product line to include soft drinks and ice cream. In 1938, San Miguel began producing its own bottles. By the 1950’s, the company expanded into poultry and livestock feeds processing. From the original Cerveza that first rolled of the bottling line, San Miguel Corporation has gone to produce a wide range of popular beverage, food and packaging products which have catered to generations of consumers’ diverse and changing tastes. San Miguel Beer, the company’s flagship product is one of the world’s largest selling beers. San Miguel is the Philippine largest food, beverage and packaging company and packaging company and the one of the country’s biggest private employers. The company’s manufacturing operations extends to Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Vietnam and Australia and its products are exported to over 40 countries around the world. San Miguel partnerships with major international companies have given the company access to the latest technologies and expertise. Partners include the Coca-Cola Company, Hormal Foods Corporation, Hormel Foods Corporation, Kirin Brewery, Yamamura Glass and Fuso Machine and Mold Manufacturing of Japan. Industry Definition COMPANY PROFILE San Miguel Corporation is the largest food, beverage and packaging company in the Philippines, employing more than 26,000 employees in over 100 facilities in the Philippines, China, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia and Australia. Our enduring brand, quality products, unparalleled distribution, responsiveness and innovation have enables us to become among the best company in Asia. Our company has been in the business of building brands for years. Our name is among the most recognized and trusted in the Philippines, appearing on more than 300 products. MISSION San Miguel Foundation, Inc. is committed to the empowerment of San Miguel host communities and various take holders by harnessing corporate social responsibility among the various San Miguel business in pursuing mutually beneficial programs that lead to self-reliance and sustainability. VISSION Vision SMC’s fundamental and historical philosophy — Profit with Honor. The following are SMC’s objectives: To provide an environment which is conducive to the development of the individual and which encourages employees to realize their full capabilities. To generate a return on funds employed sufficient to ensure an adequate rate of growth for the Corporation, and to provide satisfactory returns to stockholders. To seek and develop export markets for new products as well as for those already being produced by the Corporation. To diversify into fields which will ensure optimum utilization of management resources and a substantial contribution to corporate profits? To manufacture, distribute and sell throughout the Philippines food products, beverages, packaging products and animal feeds, being ready at all times to add, modify or discontinue products in accordance with changes in the market. To be constantly aware of the aspirations of the people and of the nation, and to ensure that San Miguel continues to make a major contribution towards the achievement of these aspirations. VALUES San Miguel is Strongly oriented towards achieving results but firmly believes that these results be achieved in a manner that uphold the highest standards of integrity and ethical practice. These are exemplified in our core value, which each and every San Miguel employee should strive to uphold: Passion for Success We will constantly strive for excellence. We will be the best we can be and create value in everything we do. We will be proactive and entrepreneurial, propelled by a sense of urgency, competitiveness and total dedication to results. Teamwork With trust and respect for each other and with unity in purpose, we will work toward our shared aspirations, transcending boundaries along functional and organizational lines. Respect for Our People   We recognize our employees as individuals and are committed to nurturing their individual capabilities. We will uplift the dignity of labor by encouraging our people to be the best in their fields. We believe their growth and the growth of the organization go hand in hand. We are committed to creating a work environment that encourages open communication, camaraderie and professional growth. Customer Focus We will be our customers’ preferred choice. They will choose our products and services above others because we provide them with products and services that exceed their expectations. Innovativeness We will encourage creativity and ingenuity in our processes and systems, products and services. We will be forever looking for ways to outdo ourselves, always striving to be the first to anticipate consumer needs and deliver something better. Integrity In the conduct of our business, we will be guided by what is ethical, fair and right. We believe in profit with honor and are committed to good governance and the highest moral standards. Social Responsibility We believe social responsibility and corporate citizenship are integral parts of our business. We are committed to improving lives of people in the communities in which we live and work. AWARDS 2012 San Miguel Community Clinics Anvil Award of Merit, 47th Anvil Awards SMPF Handog Lusog Para sa Nutrisyon ng Nasyon Finalist, IABC Philippine Quill Awards 2012 San Miguel Community Clinics Award of Excellence, IABC Philippine Quill Awards 2011 Anvil Award of Merit, 46th Anvil Awards Tulong-tulong para sa Tullahan Project II Anvil Award of Merit, 46th Anvil Awards Tulong-tulong sa Tullahan 2002 Anvil Award of Excellence (Public Relations Society of the Philippines) Coca-Cola’s Mission P.E.T. 2002 Anvil Award of Excellence (Public Relations Society of the Philippines) Coca-Cola’s Mission P.E.T. 2002 Gold Quill Award (International Assn. of Business Communicators) Distileria Bago, Inc. 2002 Anvil Award of Merit (Public Relations Society of the Philippines) Distileria Bago, Inc. 2002-2003 Certifi cate of Recognition as Healthy Workplace Regional Winner (Provincial Category) San Fernando Brewery 2001 Healthy Workplace (Department of Health-National and Regional Level) Davao Brewery’s EMS and Adopt-a-River Project 2000 Mother Nature Award (Pollution Control Assn. of the Philippines, Inc.) San Fernando Brewery 1999 Employer of the Year Award (Social Security System) Polo Brewery/Bacolod Brewery/Davao Brewery/CTS-EMG 1997-2000 Ten Outstanding Pollution Control Officers (Pollution Control Assn. of the Philippines, Inc.) WARRANTY OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Established in 1890 as a single-product brewery, San Miguel Corporation (San Miguel) is the Philippines’ largest beverage, food and packaging company. Today, the company has over 100 facilities in the Philippines, Southeast Asia, and China. One of the country’s premier business conglomerates, San Miguel’s extensive product portfolio includes over 400 products ranging from beer, hard liquor, juices, basic and processed meats, poultry, dairy products, condiments, coffee, flour, animal feeds and various packaging products. For generations, the Company has generated strong consumer loyalty through brands that are among the most formidable in the Philippine food and beverage industry – San Miguel Pale Pilsen, Ginebra, Monterey, Magnolia, and Purefoods. Flagship product, San Miguel Beer, holds an over 95% share of the Philippine beer market. In addition to its leadership in the Philippine food and beverage industry, San Miguel has established a significant presence overseas. The Company’s operations extend beyond its home base of the Philippines to China (including Hong Kong), Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Australia. Through strategic partnerships it has forged with major international companies, San Miguel has gained access to managerial expertise, international practices and advanced technology, thereby enhancing its performance and establishing itself as a world-class company.

Use of self and peer assessment

Use of self and peer assessment Use of Self and Peer assessment Self Assessment describes the activities employed within and outside the classroom that enable the pupil to reflect on what has been learnt and judge it against a set of criteria, e.g. using traffic light systems which give pupils the opportunity to indicate their own thoughts about a piece of work against the given Success Criteria (SC). This could simply be used during a pit-stop or plenary, pupils mark work with an R, A or G or with the relevant colour. I have seen this working effectively with children in Keystage 1. Admittedly lower ability pupils require an element of support but simply completing the process prepares and develops their understanding for the future. Both the whiteboard and the interactive whiteboard are access points for pupils to refer to find their learning objective and success criteria. Often the LO and SC can be located on childrens work. Self Evaluation is the process by which the pupil gains an understanding ofhowthey are learning as opposed towhatthey are learning. There are numerous factors that the class teacher must consider here. Whether there is/are: The right classroom climate Clarity in the intended learning outcome and a model of what success looks like examples of expected outcome, modelled by the teacher or TA Time for self assessment and reflection Training to allow the pupils to assess their own workeffectively e.g. use of traffic light cards and colour indicators Planned opportunities for pupils to assess their work during plenaries and pit-stops Resources provided that help the self assessment process on whiteboard, selected pieces of work Classroom strategies that support self and peer assessment include modelling by the teacher using exemplars: at the beginning, during or after completing tasks, success criteria shared or created and continually referred to by teacher and pupils (see whiteboard photograph), use of questioning techniques that promote higher order thinking, graphic organisers e.g. thumbs up, post its, charts and concept maps that encourage reflection on learning process and learning outcome, reflection time during the lesson referring to agreed success criteria, marking that celebrates and encourages the pupil to reflect on aspects of their work related to success criteria, talk partners are sometimes less inhibiting for pupils to express difficulties. The process develops a more analytical approach to their work as they learn from their partners talks. It is essential that pupils are trained. (And last but not least), setting clear targets that pupils understand and can refer to, in order to improve their work: The Wise Owl has become a universal character through Reception to Year 4 at MACAULAY PRIMARY, to indicate the Learning Objective. Similarly is the use of the Success Criteria toolkit, arming pupils with the things they need to succeed in a given task. Using Talk Partners Black, P. and Wiliam, D. (1998) indicated that it is crucial that children are familiar with self assessment before embarking on peer assessment, which can be known as ‘talk partners or ‘buddy checkers. Children need to be trained in how to do this and a set of ground rules need to be established. I have spent a lot of time with pupils ensuring they are all fully aware of the expectations. Additionally, the emotional aspect of sharing work with a partner should not be overlooked as children can find it daunting to share their work with other pupils in their class. However, the teaching of literacy seems to lend itself to these types of experiences because of the emphasis on development of speaking and listening skills. As a teacher you should model paired marking for the whole class, using role-play to demonstrate the wrong way and the right way over a piece of work. Recently during our topic on Roald Dahl I produced a piece of descriptive writing which pupils then marked using set criteria. Ive found it useful to use paired marking two thirds of the way through a lesson, so that the children can make the improvement and continue with a better understanding of the quality of the work. In order to develop a sound understanding of AfL I recommend the approaches Shirley Clarke discusses in her book Targeting Assessment in the Primary Classroom and Clarkes Golden Rules for marking with a talk partner should be an essential part of any primary teachers toolkit. The guidelines are clear and can be used to create a class agreement for how best to work with your talk partner. Clarke suggests that both partners should be roughly the same ability, or just one jump ahead or behind, rather than a wide gap, however, I have found that pupils do benefit from working with partners of   varying abilities at selected times. Each pupil should take time to check their own work before a talk partner sees it. The talk partner should begin with a positive comment at least one. The roles of both parties need to be clearly defined. And perhaps displayed for future reference. The talk partner needs time to take in the childs work, so it is best for the author to read out work first. This also establishes ownership of the piece. Children need to be trained in the success and improvement process, or whatever is being used, so that they are confident with the steps involved. Children must both agree the part to be changed. The author should make the marks on his or her work, as a result of the paired discussion. Children need to be reminded that the focus of their task is the learning intention for the piece of work. The talk partner should ask for clarification rather than jump to conclusions. The improvement suggestions should be verbal and not written down. The only writing necessary is the identification of the success(es) and the improvement itself. Common experiences, I have observed in the teaching of literacy include: Use of talk partners Peer and Self Assessment Time to respond to marking Comments to help children improve However, I have found that there can be issues with ensuring pupils have time to respond to the comments made. During the spring term in Year 2, we provided pupils with time solely for this purpose; this was very successful and allowed me, as the class teacher to provide vital feedback essential for the children to progress. A second issue is having time to mark pupils work in this way, the policy indicates that not all pieces of work require marking in full but to select one key piece a week in each subject, making this a more realistic objective. As part of a continuous process of monitoring individual progress at Macaulay Primary School, some work, for example in Golden Books, is marked according to National Curriculum levels. Trialling within a year group, a key stage and as a whole school is carried out to ensure that levelling is correct, this is moderate by the Literacy Coordinators and ensures continuity throughout the school. The Golden Book follows the children through each year group during their time in the school, instantly providing evidence of progression.

Chapter Summary of I Have Lived a Thousand Years, Growing Up in the Holocaust by Livia Bitton-Jackson :: essays research papers

Foreword: Elli Friedmann has returned 50 years later for a ceremony to the spot where she was once liberated by the American army. Living during the Holocaust, she has chosen to give us her story. Chapter 1-The City of My Dreams- Somorja, summer, 1943-March, 1944 Elli talks about daily life in her neighborhood. Her mother does not show any compassion for her. When Elli complains of this, her mother brings up excuses that are unconvincing. Elli believes her mother does not care for her and that her brother is the favorite. Hilter’s reoccurring radio broadcast give nightmares to Elli, whos family is Jewish. The nights when the Hungarian military police would come and stir trouble did not provide anymore comfort for Elli. One night, her brother, Bubi, comes home with news that Germany invaded Budapest, the town where he goes to school. But the next morning, there is no news in the headlines. The father sends him back to school. He learns the next day that a neighbor’s son who goes to school with Bubi has said the same. The day after, the newspapers scream the news of the invasion. Bubi arrives home, and the terror begins. Chapter 2- Hey, Jew Girl, Jew Girl - Somorja, March 25, 1944 Elli’s school has just closed. As she is leaving, a group of boys seem to be having a childish Nazi rally. She runs home and sobs for her normal life back. Chapter 3- The Tale of the Yellow Bicycle- Somorja, March 27, 1944 The â€Å"liquidation† process of the Jews in Elli’s town has begun. Everyone’s prized possessions must be brought to city hall, where they will also be registered. Elli has just gotten a new bike and does not want to give it up. After they come home, her father shows her and the rest of the family a spot where he has buried their most prized possessions. He tells her that he does not know who will survive. He then asks her if she will remember the spot. She yells that she does not want to be the only one to survive, and she does not want to remember. Chapter 4- The Tale of the Yellow Sun- Somorja, March 28, 1944 Every Jew must wear a yellow star and have a painted yellow star on their house. Elli does not leave the house for a week, and cannot believe the horrible things that have begun to surround her. There is an announcement that everyone will be receiving their school report cards and diplomas.

The Arts in Boston Overcome Hard Times Essay -- Ballet Economy Economi

The Arts in Boston Overcome Hard Times Visions of the Sugar Plum Fairy may be dancing in some people’s heads for this up-coming Christmas season, but for the Boston Ballet, a non-profit organization, these visions are being high kicked out of the way by the Radio City Rockettes, who will be replacing the Nutcracker at the Wang Theatre in the 2004 season. With the poor economy that has engulfed the nation, many non-profit organizations in the Boston area are feeling a financial burden, most recently the Boston Ballet. The ballet, which is famous for its annual Christmas production of the Nutcracker, faced a $3.5 million budget cut this year, in addition to losing their space to the Rockettes and having to find a new home for next year. One ballet board member told The Boston Herald that the Nutcracker is leaving because attendance has â€Å"been a drain for some time and people are tired of it. The attendance has been falling like a rock year after year.† Despite the Boston Ballet’s recent bad fortune, many non-profit organizations in this area admit that they have seen a drop within the past couple of years, but say they are back on their feet again as far as donations and attendance. One major non-profit organization, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, or BSO, said despite the poor economy they continue their mission, which, according the their website www.bso.org, is â€Å"to increase the understanding and enjoyment of music by creating performances and by providing educational and training programs at the highest level of excellence.† The BSO admits that while they have seen some drops in donations as well as attendance, it does seem to be leveling off. â€Å"The poor economy has absolutely caused a problem as far as attendance a... ...ttract student discounts, and I think I will look into getting one for myself,† said Galanter. The success of the MFA is closely tied to the quality of its exhibits. â€Å"We currently have Rembrandt's Journey on view. Our next major exhibition is Gauguin Tahiti which opens in February,† said Petruccelli. Our cultural neighbors struggled somewhat because of the poor economy. However, these non-profit organizations have fared well in these hard times, both in terms of income and assets, and have since been recovering strongly enough that meeting their financial goals in the future seems promising. For the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Huntington Theatre Company, and the Museum of Fine arts, the worst is behind them, and they are optimistic about their future. The Boston Ballet, on the other hand, has yet to finalize a home for the 2004 production of the Nutcracker.

America Must Learn to Respect the Elderly Essay -- Argumentative Persu

America Must Learn to Respect the Elderly It is blatantly evident that America is a country in which youth is king. Everyone wants to look young, feel young, and possess that youthful vigor and dynamism that is so highly respected by both the media and by the public. Our shelves are stocked with products to make us appear younger in any way, shape, or form; our most popular reality TV shows revolve around the lives of the young and beautiful. It seems that America’s population has forgotten that with luck, some day we will all become older. We will become those wrinkly, slow, and uncannily wise beings that hover in the background of today’s society. And what kind of life will we find once we reach that invisible point? Today’s elderly are treated with resentment and antagonism that is in appalling opposition to the respect that they deserve. In many other countries around the globe, especially in the East, growing older is an outward sign of one’s increase in knowledge and experiences. Because of this healthily accurate image of aging, the process is seen as admirable; grand...

Australian Federalism

This essay will outline the issues discussed during the ‘Policy Roundtable on Federalism’ hosted by the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA) and the Institute of Public Administration Australia (IPAA) on the 17–18 May 2007 and will explore their impact on federalism and provide possible steps to overcome them. The Roundtable discussion made it apparent that Australian federalism is dysfunctional and needed shaping up. The reasons included a combination of external and internal factors and pressures. The pragmatic reform process could address these factors and pressures to improve Commonwealth-State relations. This could achieve enhanced policy outcomes for the Australian community and provide a system of government that â€Å"delivers the Australian people the opportunities they deserve† (Brumby 2008). David Black (1998) describes federalism as ‘the process by which the Commonwealth of Australia was formed on 1 January 1901, was unusual then, and still is†. The federal system has provided a relatively stable cooperative form of government, however, changing demographics, global pressures and fiscal situations within government have meant that the system is now seen as being in a malaise and in need of repair (Wanna 2007). The modernisation and globalisation of markets, media and communication has eroded regional identities in Australia. In the past the Australian states were protected from a centralised form of federalism but as modern technology reduced the physical distance institutional barriers were decreased. These global pressures mean that Australian states risk becoming agent providers for a central government (Wanna 2007: page). Increased activity has resulted in hyper-interaction involving all three levels of government. Additionally, lack of cultural regions in Australia unlike most other federations meant lack of regionally based governance system (Wanna 2007: 276). Australia retains a highly centralised fiscal system, holds a high amount of concurrent powers across all levels of government and lacks institutional barriers that prevent a centralised system. Fiscal imbalance between states and the Commonwealth impacts directly at a regional level even though policies are driven nationally. Concurrent Commonwealth-State powers also impact at regional level due to lack of adequate attention given to real impacts while decisions are made at federal level. The reduced effectiveness of federalism has contributed towards these issues and has failed to keep pace with modern times. It is now in need of repair to make it more efficient and capable of providing support to the modern Australian public. Current federal arrangements are holding back necessary micro-economic reform while there is a continuous struggle to respond to global economic forces. (Podger 2008). Although federalism can work it is not performing at the level expected. Participants at the Roundtable agreed that the process of reform can improve federalism but needs a different policy approach. Individual agreements on shared responsibilities will be needed to reshape policy areas. Increased cooperation and collaboration around national and state issues would need to be achieved. Participants started by looking at improving the generic architecture by enhancing the primary cooperation of levels of government through the Council of Australian Governments (COAG). This could be the platform for any further detailed reform in order to avoid policy making failures around shared responsibility between governments. It is also important to note that the attendees agreed reform would need to start from the current position and not echoing any previous attempts. The Australian federal system is characterised by a significant level of vertical fiscal imbalance and this issue would need to be addressed to assist in reforming federalism. The Commonwealth holds the monopoly on tax revenue from income and GST and much of this is paid back to the states by way of Specific Purpose Payments (SPPs). These SPPs allow the Commonwealth to grant funds to states with conditions in areas that are constitutionally the states’ domain. As SPPs make up 40 % of Commonwealth grants the streamlining of these with a focus on outcomes would allow increased efficiency. In addition, guaranteed revenue would allow states to fund their responsibilities without central pressures. Whilst this imbalance could be reduced by assigning state expenditure responsibilities to the Commonwealth, it is an unrealistic expectation to reduce such a significant imbalance. (Carling, 2008: page/s) Clearly defined roles and responsibilities for the different levels of government is essential, as Carling (2008: page) states, â€Å"A federal system needs to be ?rmly anchored to a rational allocation of roles and responsibilities for the different levels of government† Lack of clearly defined roles can cause duplication of processes and conflict in policy making, giving states the opportunity to avoid accountability. A review of roles and responsibilities is a logical starting point, with the functional roles of Commonwealth and the state’ clearly defined. This may require that the Commonwealth takes a leadership role to ensure states are able to effectively deliver services. It is important to understand that the distribution of responsibilities between the levels Government has evolved aver time, and will presumably continue to change as policy and political imperatives require. (Podger 2008) Collaboration between governments to deliver long term sustainable national solutions is needed to face the significant social, economic and environmental challenges. Recently, all three levels of government have become receptive towards the idea of cooperative federalism. For effective federation architecture of cooperation consisting components such as principles to guide, supporting legal and institutional arrangements and appropriate cultural practices and attitudes are required. Focus could be on formalisation of COAG through intergovernmental agreement, clarification of COAG and ministerial council relation, ongoing review of federal financial relations and development of cultural practices to support the best of federalism. The change offers opportunities to make lasting improvements and Australian governments should seize the opportunity towards delivering effective national responses and generating substantial benefits for Australians. (Wanna, J. May 2009) Although the Australian federal system is perceived as declining and in need of reshaping, Australia is a prosperous nation. Federalism has seen Australia through times of significant stress including depression and war, and has led to the development of a welfare state. Rapid globalisation and modernisation demands that federalism adapt and adjust to meet competing demands. The options outlined in this essay provide the extending steps for already happening improvements by an ambitious government.

Potential Problems and Solutions For International Students

Travelling overseas fecal matter be an exciting and life-changing take in ones life. The hazard to ponder in a nonher landed estate is a unique and fulfilling experience, both academically and personally. The percentage of multinational educatees in universities is ascension steadily each year. Although an international study opportunity is a r ar adventure, on that point are several problems international scholarly persons apprize scene when attending school in a overseas solid ground. worldwide students should be aware of the potential problems and be alert in advance to successfully crop anything that comes their steering.The biggest problem international students face today is pecuniary challenges. It is expensive to travel to a foreign uncouth to study. In well-nigh cases thither are no opportunities for scholarships or sponsor assistance. Most programs allow students to lop part-time, however in most countries it impart be highly difficult for internati onal students to find work. In addition, international students are typically not allowed to participate in any foreign countrys welfare or government financial assistance programs. International students with families are a great deal permitted to bring them along as their dependents.This tail assembly create enormous financial problems for the student as their family can only attend them if they have previous funds to nurture themselves during their stay. The students spo implement should not need to work during the stay to affirm basic needs. If it seems the family is not financially safe(p) enough to maintain themselves, they will not be permitted to enter the country. Although this is the main normal of international student spouse employment, on that point are situations in which employment rights can be granted based on length of stay.One specific financial saddle international students often face is wellness care costs. There is no cover an international student will be healthy for their entire stay. Some countries twist health care options depending on the students length of stay. The UK offers services from the subject area Health Service for students who have a stay of six months or longer. This give up health care option as well applies to the students family. International students face several financial problems, however there are solutions. The best thing a student can do onwards their initial travel is to put digression money for their expenses.Most universities provide prospective international students will fee estimates that include bonny utility and grocery costs as well as academic expenses. It is rash for students to bring at least 15 percent more than you expect to use during the stay. This fatality fund can be helpful in case of fanfare or other unexpected costs. For students who do not qualify for the foreign countrys healthcare programs, travel damages is something they should consider. Students should not assum e health amends used in their home country would cover any unexpected health care costs in the foreign country.Most travel insurance can be purchased according to the length of stay. Being watchful for the unexpected is the one task all international student should make priority. Creating an emergency savings fund is an excellent way for the student to ensure their financial and personal safety during their stay. In addition to a savings fund, students should remember to research health care options for their stay as well. International study opportunities are priceless in academic and personal worth, however without right preparation they can be extremely expensive and can create an unnecessary financial burden for the student and their family.SourcesPorter, Darwin. Frommers Italy 2005. 2004. Wiley Publishing, Inc.UKCOSA Guidance Notes. 2005. http//www.ukcosa.org.uk/pages/guidenote.htm (11 May 2005).

Instability, Ambiguity and Errors in the Communication Process Essay

Subjectivity and duality argon conjugate pitfalls of the confabulation dish up. Limitations in the mightiness of expression, constraints imposed by circumstances, loving conventions and the desire to keep intentions c everyplacet, all fall in to muckle saying, writing and forecasting thoughts and ideas that whitethorn be at expoundition from the whole truth. The arrange of much(prenominal) shortcomings be magnified by matching limitations on the part of the individual or the assembly which is the quarry of dialogue.Since context is fluid, communicating whitethorn cease to be pertinent, charge when commenceed and received with great clarity and accuracy. gum olibanum the confabulation cognitive operation lav be no more durable than inevitable changes in percepts, situations and aims. Mayhew (2002, p 3) has emphasized the essential nature of communication as a message of maintaining dialogue in advance(a)e society, and in order to resolve various s ungl bungholees of opinion that shoot on all issues of prevalent concern.The fragment of dissymmetry may non splay from the communication fulfill alone, tho may be integral to the environment in which communication takes line (Windahl, Signitzer and Olson, 1992, p219). We grass non al tracks blame communication for the inst talent in which it is forced to operate). An element of instability is al c doze off to inevitable in e surely communication that is non static. parley instability jackpot start roots in changing agenda of the encoder, media, disagreement and the through the expert evolution of the decryptr as well. The term instability should be seen in communication terms without all necessarily negative connotation. The grammatical construction of instability should withal dish out to warn encoders that their rivals as well ass noise may belowmine their play at any meter. Communicators, for this reason, stomach never rest richly issue turn all over sustain audience gratify excess stability can steer to ennui and even annoyed changes of perception.Errors may cram not just from encoding and decode, simply when from noise. Noise may even raise to the take to be and merits of cultivation comp atomic number 18d to the pilot light transmission. Noise is an principal(prenominal) source of errors in communication, whether findd as beneficial or harmful (Shannon and Weaver, 1963, p19). conversation free of errors is utopian, and should be accepted in a positive spirit. Sensitivity to feedback and the ability to resolve catchly in terms of speed and modification atomic number 18 meaning(prenominal) defenses against the inevitable and even at time white plagueful errors that be part of the communication mental edge.Windahl, Signitzer and Olson (1992, p205) as well as give the ambiguity of communication a functional hue, by referring to the assemble of political and different campaigns in the media, that spu r state to search for additional training and even to put to death, based on the questions and curiosity that such(prenominal) ambiguity can arouse. Ambiguity can be utilize with secure effect by consummate communicators. more advertising campaigns, for example, may fail to join forces set marketing objectives, if they present comprehensive and defined information in pedantic manner mean targets may receive such communication and respond with inaction. Ambiguity can likewise help to clear attention in a situation encompassing of noise.The onerous task of acquiring stiff communication skills can be a thank little one, for its well-beings and effects may be muddied by a lack of matching abilities on the part of the intend audience. A productive approach may be to study, mimic and conform to the communication foibles of the another(prenominal)(prenominal) party, umteen disadvantages of language and customs as this may imply.Difficulties and obstacles to effective c ommunication do nothing to undermine the sp add togetherour and the value of related skills, gruelling as they argon to practice and to use. confabulation ability, on the contrary, much becomes the deciding vote surrounded by success and failure, in the midst of victory and defeat, and between peaceful resolution and destructive violence, in all kind of transactions between individuals and groups. It is a means of intellectual distinction and of make over the affairs of people at king-size.Signaling, Signification and the commandment ModelSignaling serves galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) important purposes in communication. A signal succinctly conveys a capriciousness that may take many speech and a long time to explain in chemical formula language. A signal also bears the stamp of fissiparous certification, thus endorsing a person or a view with the stamp of authentic authority. Finally, signals support pellucid communication, supporting the overt message in baf fling manner. An educational qualification, a professional or a loving association and employment with an illustrious organization, ar examples of signals and their benefits.We may presume to think that Mayhew is uncharitable in declaring that signaling is innate(p) in the assumption that others may not be honest during the communication process (2002, p 124). It would not be possible for any meaningful dialogue to take place in spite of appearance a reasonable period, if we had to communicate without signals. Signaling is also a hold fast response to the manner in which human mental capacitys function and form opinions. Signaling adds to the retention of communication, and thereby serves to fight competing communication and noise as well.Signification is a more basic aspect of communication than signaling, and one that is free of any implied censure as we find with Mayhew. Signification relates to meaning. It has a valid base, since professional linguists can decide for u s, the label value of each term. This does not mean that moment is b atomic number 18(a) of free of controversy. Syntax and poor language ability can easily and commonly results in signification errors.The latter(prenominal)(prenominal) atomic number 18 in particular common in verbal communication, especially in hasty situations when people cannot think as quickly and completely as they may be instigated to communicate. Signification capability ameliorates with practice, and the near accomplished of people from all plains other than communication, may use spokespeople and writers to communicate better than their take in powers of signification may allow. Artful changes of signification add to the elegance of communication (silva Rhetoricae, 2002). Tropes and figures of speech atomic number 18 examples of near in demand(predicate) changes in signification that may be utilise to enhance the value of communication.Signification is inborn from the Code Model. Signification gives form and valid fondness to the Code. However, all people may not be familiar with the formal dictionary meanings of words, which lead to communication errors in coding and decrypt.Communication as a Means of kind Representation and perpetuation phoneIt is slender to the integrity of communication that practitioners descry between move others in dialogue, and the unethical temperament to exert shell influence on others. Differences in language abilities can become tools to impose on passive subjects in a manner that destroys individual freedom, and undermines cultivation. Freire has recognised the power of literacy as a means of social development. Extension is not limited to mere transmission of messages, alone attention of society over time it has vie key theatrical roles in impart and use of current technologies and in achieving study changes in social look (Windahl, Signitzer and Olson 1992, pps 7 and 130).However, there ar a matter of casual settings in which extension objectives may level in to efforts to wield un payable influence on the thought processes of others. It is hence important to restrict extension efforts to facts that confuse strong foundations in evidence, though many communicators atomic number 18 not bound by such ethics.Mayhew has acknowledged the power of communication as use by people who seek to wield influence over others with whom they have affiliation and ties (2002, p 74). The communication process has the voltage to induce desirable social change, but this should be through the path of maturation strong conceptual abilities on an egalitarian home. genial objectives can be undermined when education is either dependent or restrictive, thus giving any(prenominal) individuals overlord signification abilities. This can prove to be especially manipulative when individuals with positional and resources strengths arm themselves with communication skills as well.The dangers of abuse of communication sk ills atomic number 18 as potentially deleterious in extension activities as they are in social representation within closely-knit groups of peers. However, the element of sureness is likely to be much high in an extension context, because of which the manipulation potential is also magnified. Widespread and uniform literacy with the ability for unrestrained detailed thought is the only stable and durable path of sustaining socially harmful and exploitative use of communication. This is the spunk value of Freires contribution to oppressed people ein truthwhere.Pitfalls of Coding and DecodingThe conversion of thoughts in to words and signs, and their translation by an audience, relate to the core and very delicate part of communication. The formation of words and signs to refer thoughts is the process of encoding, whereas the reverse by an audience is called decipher. Many of the processes of semiotics lie alfresco the conscious country they are also limited by the micros cope storey of literacy and facility with language. The processes of encoding and decipher are thus fraught with dangers of errors and manipulation as well.The change climatelling of communication postulates the existence of a middling to convey thoughts from one individual to some other, or between groups. such(prenominal) a medium may diversify in its degree of transparency, and can see the veracity of decoding encoded messages. Distortion is also possible at the stage of encoding itself.The preferred meanings that we may wish to connect to words and signals are major instruments of errors in signal engineering. such(prenominal) changes may also be intended as in situations of propaganda. Judicious and deliberate encoding, as well as resoundive and literate person decoding, are some essential singularitys for constructive dialogue, free of express deficiencies. This is somewhat utopian in semiotic terms, and recognized as inevitable distortion, though it may vary w idely in degree and differ by way of intent.A full understanding of the processes of encoding, decoding and use of media is crucial for the understanding of many coeval phenomena in the lands of social development, political evolution and industrial psychology. Mayhew has recognized its integral role in modern politics (2002, p 249).Accurate encoding and semantic decoding hold the keys to errors that even redundancy cannot transform (Shannon and Weaver, 1963, pps 26, 71). They are accordingly instrumental in effective communication, and in preventing both(prenominal) unintended misunderstandings and intentional noise that may be interjected in the system.Discourse and Miscommunication sustain communication, as in a discourse, inbredly multiplies encoding and decoding errors. Such a process lays the basis for basic and seemingly insurmountable misunderstandings. Edward Said has utilize the perception of the Orient (or the Middle East, which was his principal concern,) as an ex ample of a misconception being perpetuated by a process of sustained discourse.Distortions that arise from discourse arise principally because individuals and groups have designated sources of information on which they depend, to decode information about entities and subjects of which they have no first-hand experience. title is not an optional feature of discourse, because ideas cannot be communicated effectively without a degree of ornamentation (Silva Rhetoricae, 2002). Differences in styles used by encoders on the one hand, and styles to which decoders are given on the other, may affect the integrity of the communications process.Mayhew has presented the same concepts as Said in the stemma light of Advertising, Market Research and Public dealing (2002, p206). Here, style variations may be used measuredly in discourse to affect perceptions and basic decoding processes. The manipulation of earth opinion on a variety of matters through structured communication is a significa nt weapon system of both politicians and business people. It is an important industrial application of communication skills. Commentators such as Edward Said have lamented the abuse of communication potential to create misrepresentations and distortions of public perception.Some parties may be excluded from parts of a discourse, which leads to misunderstandings, as they are not privy to the same facts, opinions and other inputs (Windahl, Signitzer and Olson1992, p 149). This is another insidious aspect of the potential for discourse to affect the genuinelyization of truth by large number of people with no direct rise to power to undistorted facts.Literacy, common facility with language, equal access to sincere media and the ability for critical appraisal of issues, are accredited safeguards against misrepresentation and unintentional errors in discourse and other forms of communication. Primary education and literacy for deprived adults are therefore essential tools for those who aim for egalitarianism and justice in the field of communication.Propaganda and more Ethical Forms of InfluencePropaganda is tag by a unitary objective to encode and transmit, over-riding noise, feedback and any other form of influence on the transmission process (Windahl, Signitzer and Olson, 1992, p 91). It is a feature of many attempts at the business function of public relations by large organizations. Propaganda sees the decoder as a virtually passive object, who seems to have no rights to their own opinions, much less the universal access to factual informationPropaganda is ineffective in literate circumstances, and can prove to be counter-productive, through expiry of swan. Propaganda favors mass media such as television that can deliver quick results and which traditionally discourage or disable feedback mechanisms in the short-term (Windahl, Signitzer and Olson, 1992, p 154). Exhibitions and exchanges are examples of relatively slow media that do not lend themselves to propaganda aims. National aims are often touted as apology for propaganda.Though propaganda has some negative decoding in the public mind, it is in essence putting send on an idea with a certain agenda. Mayhew seems to acknowledge the authenticity of using eloquence to reinforce some ideas (2002, p 47). Professionally therefore, propaganda should not be seen as less or different than the related processes of denotation and diffusion, though the latter operates more at the informal and individual level. Much of Edward Saids problems with the Occidental perception of Palestine could be seen in go over, as degrees of propaganda, propagation and diffusion.Rumors stand apart, for they lack the foundations in facts, and they often devote from sources that lack authority. Rumors al shipway remain below the surface, and do not appear in official and sacrifice forms of communication. This does not mean that rumors lack potency kind of they can be even more electronegative than pro paganda in shaping public opinion. The insidious circulation of rumors is especially effective when overt communication transactions are lacking. public exposure is one of the roughly professional means available for sanguine communicators ((Windahl, Signitzer and Olson, 1992, p 57). Though it is a slow process, it has the benefit of durability and leads to long-term credibleness of the beat communicators. Diffusion uses a two-step process as a model and networking. Diffusion can produce revolutionary changes in opinions and habits, albeit in very phased and gradual manner. Diffusion suits those with long-term communication goals. It is a valid counterfoil to the bluster of propaganda.How Trust Fosters fortunate CommunicationThere can be no effective communication without degrees of faith and reliance. Decoding errors are more likely if the degree of leave in an encoder is low. Trust may be born in authority, but communication is more durable if the dependence is based on shared values and high-priced experiences. Encoders have therefore to bear in mind that a single reason for loss of reliance can very quickly result in a breakdown of communication that has been built over a long period. The roughly enduring communication campaigns, both in politics and commerce, are born in consistent support of espoused causes. Mayhew has said that even rhetoric is based on send (2002, p 14). Mayhew is critical of some nuances of self-reliance in communications, as it can be abused by encoders to prevent full discourse and to evade accountability. societal development depends in large measure on the trust that people have in communication from agents of change. This is a major challenge for state media and also for supranational agencies that wish to make impacts on communities in emerging nations, and in the aftermath of natural disasters and after time of distress. Support for new developments in technology may also be hampered by the lack of trust in the mind s of lay public for sources of such information that are viewed as being strokeed. The aspect of trust presents special challenges in the new field of internet communication, where the intended audience may have no direct experience with the sources of such information.We may fill up by stressing the invaluable role of trust in communication. As Mayhew has observed, solidarity depends on interdependence rather than agreement people will look for alternate encoders if they lose trust in established sources of information (2002, p 16). Windahl, Signitzer and Olson have repeatedly stressed the vital role of trust in various phases of the communication process (1992, pps 55, 62, 88, 103).The Motivating Force of Communication in Social InfluenceWe learn from history that the force of communication is more sustained and influential than the use of force. The latter may produce some transient compliance, but only consistent advocacy can pull through in shaping and changing opinion. Th is concept applies in equal measures for both individual thought and for group action. The quality of signification in terms of its suitability for the intended audience, the peripheral support of signals and the consistent of transport across all available media, contribute to the motivating power of communication.People are known to set about the most heroic and other forms of extreme action, under the influence of effective communication. Mayhew draws our attention to how governments use professionals from the world of advertising to try and wield influence over banks of voters (2002, p 7). Communication backed by appropriate media, can steer people towards forceful and aimed action. However, Mayhew warns that the glib power of communication can be lead astray (2002, p 129). There is the important distinction at this stage, between factual statements, which are neutral, statements of identification that kick upstairs solidarity, and thereby appeal to irrational alludees of the decoding mind.Mayhew stresses the seminal use of rhetoric to move people to action (2002, 129). The communication process may use imaginative sentences with the intention to deceive. The influential power of communication may therefore be devoid of ethical merit. This cannot, unfortunately, trim back from its efficacyThe power of communication campaigns to move large groups towards concerted action is a dangerous weapon amongst people who are unable to decode messages accurately, and who cannot reflect critically on the inputs to which they are subject. Such distortions are often more clear in retrospect than during the heat of a campaign. Motivation on issues beyond rational thought, such as related to religion, and on matters for which common people have no way of unbiased validation, as before war, are especially harmful in their immense powers.Contradictory Balances of craft and Cooperation in Communication ModelsCommunication models trace the electric current of interac tion between two entities. They serve both to understand the process and to determine strategies. All models moldiness have the three universal components of sender, receiver and medium or channel. Early communication models depicted the process in linear manner from source and encoder to a receiver through a channel and a decoding procedure. Sources of noise were the only sides to this simplistic dead on target line. We know now that communication involves feedback, and is therefore a complex and non-linear process.The relative roles of deception and cooperation will not change depending upon the chosen model, for the latter is only a conceptual representation of a unitary reality. The biz begins with the initiator of a communication. He or she has the courtesy to use a valid source, or to suppose to have one. This person moldiness be both skilled and committed to accurate encoding, and should know which conduct and how many to use at each vertex in time. The initiator has al so to be tippy to feedback and to adapt subsequent transactions accordingly. Cooperation lies largely in the domain of the recipient, decoding as best as he or she can, and reflecting critically on inputs, with meaningful feedback and requests for supporting evidence.Mayhew has noted the role of deception in advertising campaigns as a 20th nose candy phenomenon (2002, p 193). The endorsement of cigarettes by celebrities has been cited as the most fibrous and terrifying of all deceptions used by the media. Interpersonal cooperation, on the other hand is a way of establishing relevance (2002, p 12). We may settle that cooperation is a key factor in inside communication between individuals, whereas deception works most effectively in campaigns conducted through the media.Brevity and periphrasisFeedback often instigates surplusage. Redundancy may be grow in assumptions about the conceptual and decoding capabilities of an audience, or in excessive enthusiasm in a point of view. P ropaganda aims may require repetition beyond the requirements of more neutral and virtuous communication. However, feedback may provide a justifiable reason for verbosity. They is a natural tendency to repeat oneself, as in a selling situation in which the customer appears dubious or even distracted.Verbosity also serves to soothe anxieties of encoders and communicators. The imperative to succeed as when seeking financial succor or support, for example may figure out forth a torrent of words removed more voluminous than an audience may desire. implore is an extreme form of communication in which transitoriness can be counter-productiveA more hard limitation of brevity is its ability to serve a multiplicity of communication objectives. Professional advertisers would love for their industrial clients to limit the number of points they want to convey pay clients may be greedy and so bear on with their brands, that they require a unitary buying benefit to be presented in as ma ny ways as possibleWe may conclude that verbosity is a failing of amateurs it is shunned by the best communicators, who appreciate the transport of concepts with as few signals as possible. However, addition may be considered as a good reason for a degree of the stylistic iniquity that is verbosity (Silva Rhetoricae, 2002).semiotics can reduce the tendency to be verbose, especially between homogenous groups which are accustomed to communicating with each other. The development of trust is also efficacious in keeping communication as brief as possible, without sacrificing completeness. Verbosity can therefore be an indicator of the lack of trust and of wide chasms between the cultural and linguistic preferences of people. This could be a reason for the long-windedness from which bodies such as the General Assembly of the United Nations seem to flummoxA Pragmatic Approach to SemioticsCommunication Science, Semiotics and other Cognitive Processes cannot be seen in isolation of each others. Professional communicators and professional enthusiasts of the process have been accused by many commentators of parody to the point of exclusion of necessary attendants (Windahl, Signitzer, Olson, 1992, p 18). Semiotics has always had a major role in communication theory, and modern users of mass media have heaped change magnitude loads of importance of this branch of insight in to human minds). Semiotics is an exact and an exacting field of endeavor, and its rigors can easily prove irrelevant to some sections of a heterogeneous audience.Focused targeting on sapiently defined segments can make better sense of semiotics in communication, but real brio often demands that a single transaction of a communications process necessarily reaches out to a assorted audience. The Chairman of a business mint has to bear in mind that the public use of semiotics may lead to varying degrees of decoding errors by categories of stakeholders with contradictory goals. Employees, vendors , regulators, investors and competitors will respond to a set of semiotics in different ways. The effect of semiotics on the enemy places an even greater burden on spokespeople of the warring sides and on political leaders of all shades of opinion.Pragmatism must often dominate semiotics in real life, especially when unitary signification is within the reach of diverse decoders, each with their own needs and objectives. hard-hitting communication is rare if the social and cultural nuances of linguistics are discarded in the interests of semiotic perfection. The latter does not have many universal manifestations in any case. Pragmatic per reflection is often the result of a communicative action, though other forms of decoding could be considered as valid (Eco, 1978, p 65). Such reality may be born out of the exigencies of a situation, apart from cultural distinctiveness of decoding.Communicative pull through and PerlocutionLocution refers to the uttered word, illocution to the i ntention behind the communication, and perlocution refers to the effect of locution in terms of producing action (Cutting, 2003, p 16). Speech Act theory refers to the relationships between and the sequences of illocution, locution and perlocution.Locution, illocution and perlocution are integral parts of communication. Illocution is the first step, as we cannot have any communicative action sheared of some intention. Locution can reflect illocution only to the extent that the encoder is literate and careful in signaling. Perlocution skills are similar to those of locution, except that they relate to the decoder, rather than to the spring of the communicative action. Communicative action and perlocution are therefore only the signification of the communicative process in codes that are not widely understoodNevertheless, they serve to display the communication process in uninflected light for the professional and for the enthusiast as well. Adianoeta are examples of signification in which signification can have authentic differences in perlocution (Silva Rhetoricae, 2002). Allegory and irony are related techniques of transmitting ideas and of attracting attention and exerting influence over perceptions. However stylistic vices are also infixed in many aspects of communicative action. Most communicative action will suffer from some bias or even error due to illocution on the part of encoders, their locative powers and the perlocution abilities of individual members of a diverse audience.Speech acts are limited by assimilation (Cutting, 2003, p 21). The use of words and their meanings have major differences across countries, and sometimes between ethnic groups in a single nation. A compliment within the confines of a community may be taken as insulting in another This is a drawback of the Speech Act theory. Colloquialisms and figures of speech that stepwise creep in to everyday language as used by the laity can stress the Speech Act irrelevant to some exte nt. The pedantic meanings of words can vary from common perceptions that evolve over time. Most communities prefer to accord precedence to such conventions over original root meanings. then the use of the Speech Act to analyze real life communication processes may be inclined(predicate) to debilitating errors. Many expressions of feedback also fall outside the purview of the Speech Act, because decoding is at variance from the purist line. Finally, the Speech Act is deficient to analyze scarcely communication that includes incomplete sentences. The latter are customary reactions to feedback that communicators receive during the course of discourse and dialogue. Incomplete sentences may also be used to create drama, humor, sarcasm and intimacy.Communicators have to be sensitive to the perlocution results of target audiences, and to adapt their locative techniques accordingly. Some errors may be due to the medium, and it takes long years of experience, with consummate instinct to distinguish between various possible sources of error that lead to unplanned communicative action. Similarly, perlocuters have to be cautious of differences between expressed locution, distortions of media and noise and the true illocution of an encoder. Such potential errors are easier to manage over time and with repeated communicative transactions.Concluding RemarksCommunication is a complex but universal and essential part of human life as a social species. It is shared by people with many forward forms of life, but probably most evolved and certainly best understood within the context of our own cognitive abilities. Variations of signification lie at the deepest root of many communication errors. A universal lexicon, as used to some extent in the enunciation of law, serves to improve the accuracy of communication to an extent where independent and binding resolution of differences is possible.Opacity of media and environmental noise are common and highly significant sources of distortions and errors in the communication process. They are often clearer in review mode than during actual operation, whereas hidden aspects of illocution are more difficult to uncover without ambiguity. Linear models of communication are as ineffective as they are archaic. The roles of feedback and noise are essential elements of any template of productive and desirable communication. However the linear force of propaganda can be stunning when used with unbalanced force on groups of people with low literacy levels.Politics, relationships between nations and branding of industrial goods and professional services are the most powerful and remunerative applications of communication theories, though the process is relevant to all interaction between individuals.Communications have been used to subjugate people, imposing pervasive influence over perceptions and opinions of large groups of people with inferior literacy, knowledge and analytical skills. Equal access to quality pri ncipal(a) education is therefore a primary weapon of mass empowerment. Communication skills, not just for encoders, but for decoders as well, are potent though non-violent shields against bad propaganda by vested interests of the elite.There is a need for more widespread appreciation of the role and nature of communication. The grimness of some key theories and the efficacy of painstakingly demonstrable techniques are adversely affected by imbalances between parties in a communication process. Pragmatism often wins the day against the elegance of semiotics and related disciplines.Diffusion based on valid and factual inputs, regardful of feedback, is a certain and virtuous, if slow means to superior communication. Cultural and linguistic differences between people are the most important obstacles to utopian states of communication the development, maintenance and reinforcement of mutual trust are amongst the most reliable facilitators of ideal communication between individuals a nd between groups as well.ReferencesCutting, J 2003, Pragmatiics and Discourse, Routledge (UK)Eco, U 1978, A surmisal of Semiotics, p 65, Indiana University PressMayhew, LH 2002, The impudent Public Professional Communication and the Means of Social Influence, Cambridge University PressWindahl, S, Signitzer, B, and Olson JT, 1992, Using Communication Theory, Sage Publications embodiedShannon, CE and Weaver, W, 1963, Mathematical Theory of Communication, pps 26, 71, University of Illinois PressSilva Rhetoricae, 2002, retrieved January 2006 from